Abstract
Background: The combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era has significantly increased the lifespan of HIV patients, turning a fatal disease to a chronic one. However, this lower but persistent level of HIV infection increases the susceptibility of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Therefore, research is currently seeking improved treatment for this complication of HIV. In HIV+ patients, low levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been associated with worse neurocognitive impairment. Hence, BDNF administration has been gaining relevance as a possible adjunct therapy for HAND. However, systemic administration of BDNF is impractical because of poor pharmacological profile.Methods: We investigated the neuroprotective effects of BDNF-mimicking 7,8 dihydroxyflavone (DHF), a bioactive high-affinity TrkB agonist, in the memory-involved hippocampus and brain cortex of Tg26 mice, a murine model for HAND. We immunohistochemically stained brain tissue sections from vehicle-treated wild type (WT), vehicle-treated Tg26, and DHF (5 mg/kg, i.p)-treated Tg26 mice to examine activation of TrkB and downstream signaling, expression of HIV-1 chemokine co-receptors CXCR4 and CCR5, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial damage. A one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni Comparison post-hoc test was performed to analyze the data sets. Results: In the brain regions of Tg26 mice, we observed astrogliosis, increased CXCR4 and CCR5 expression, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial damage. Hippocampi and cortices of DHF treated mice exhibited a reversal of these pathological changes, suggesting the therapeutic potential of DHF in HAND. Our data indicates that DHF increases the phosphorylation of TrkB, providing new insights about the role of the TrkB-Akt-NFkB signaling pathway in mediating these pathological hallmarks.Conclusions: Our study provides an overview of how targeting BDNF-TrkB signaling in the pathophysiology of HAND may be relevant for future therapies, and sheds light on 7,8 Dihydroxyflavone as a potential adjunct therapeutic agent to current antiviral therapy.
Lower brain glutamate is associated with cognitive deficits in HIV patients: A new mechanism for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder