Process of cytoplasm elimination during spermiogenesis in Octopus tankahkeei : Polarized development of the spermatid and discarding of the residual body

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinming Gao ◽  
Chen Du ◽  
Xuebin Zheng ◽  
Junquan Zhu ◽  
Shan Jin
Keyword(s):  
Residual Body

The Uptake by Man of Cadmium Ingested in Crab Meat

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Newton ◽  
P. Johnson ◽  
A.E. Lally ◽  
R.J. Pentreath ◽  
D.J. Swift
Keyword(s):  
Residual Body ◽  
Iron Stores ◽  
Male Volunteers ◽  
Crab Meat

Seven male volunteers with normal iron stores ate the brown meat from crabs whose diet had contained radioactive cadmium-115m. Systemic uptake of cadmium by the volunteers, derived from measurements of their residual body radioactivity several weeks after intake, averaged 2.7 ± 0.9 (se)%, essentially as found by others in studies with extrinsically labelled food.

scholarly journals 15-Lipoxygenase is a component of the mammalian sperm cytoplasmic droplet

Reproduction ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
K A Fischer ◽  
K Van Leyen ◽  
K W Lovercamp ◽  
G Manandhar ◽  
M Sutovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Cytoplasmic Droplet ◽  
Mammalian Sperm ◽  
Proteolytic Pathway ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa

Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a family of enzymes capable of peroxidizing phospholipids. A member of the LOX family of enzymes, 15-LOX, participates in the degradation of mitochondria and other organelles within differentiating red blood cells, the reticulocytes. The present study provides biochemical and immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of 15-LOX in the sperm cytoplasmic droplet (CD). Testicular, epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa were evaluated for the presence of 15-LOX using an affinity-purified immune serum raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of rabbit reticulocyte 15-LOX. Western blotting revealed an appropriate single band of ~81 kDa in boar spermatozoa but not in boar seminal plasma. When ejaculated boar spermatozoa were subjected to separation on a 45/90% Percoll gradient, 15-LOX co-migrated with the immotile sperm and cellular debris/CD fractions, but not with the motile sperm fraction containing morphologically normal spermatozoa without CDs. Varied levels of 15-LOX were expressed in ejaculated sperm samples from boars with varied semen quality. By immunofluorescence, prominent 15-LOX immunoreactivity was found within the residual body in the testis and within the CDs from caput, corpus and cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa. Components of the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway, which is thought to facilitate both spermiogenesis and reticulocyte organelle degradation, were also detected in the sperm CD. These included ubiquitin, the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase PGP 9.5, and various 20S proteasomal core subunits of the α- and β-type. The 15-LOX and various components of the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway were also detected in sperm CDs of other mammalian species, including the human, mouse, stallion and wild babirusa boar. We conclude that 15-LOX is prominently present in the mammalian sperm CD and thus may contribute to spermiogenesis, CD function or CD removal.

338 Nitrogen Use Efficiency Is Proportionally More Improved When Young Bulls Are Ranked on Residual Body Gain Rather Than on Residual Feed Intake

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 187-188
Author(s):  
Pablo Guarnido Lopez ◽  
Isabelle Ortigues Marty ◽  
Cantalapiedra-Hijar Gonzalo
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Δ 15N ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract Animals with superior feed efficiency (FE) may also have an improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), which would be beneficial to economic profitability while reducing environmental impacts. When genetically selecting animals on FE, it is preferable to use residual traits [e.g. residual feed intake (RFI) or residual body gain (RG)] rather than ratios because of their predictable genetic outcomes. We studied the relationship of RFI and RG with NUE, estimated from the validated 15N abundance in plasma, across two contrasted diets based on corn or grass silages. We evaluated FE of 588 (half by diet) Charolais bulls (545 ± 57 kg BW) from 12 experimental cohorts (different farms and periods) over 200 days. Before the end of the FE test, plasma was sampled and analyzed for δ 15N. NUE was related to FE through simple-linear models with variables previously corrected for the cohort and diet effects. The models’ slopes were standardized according to FE deviation in order to compare the response of NUE to FE between indices. Higher NUE was related to higher FE (P < 0.001), showing positive correlations with RG (r=-0.40) and negative with RFI (r=0.29). However, the standardized slope of NUE to RG was significantly higher (+28%; P < 0.05) than that of NUE to RFI. This stronger NUE relation to RG compared to RFI could reflect a higher potential of RG animals to deposit N as compared to a more conservational N metabolism in RFI individuals. Regarding diets, and despite the correction of NUE and FE for this effect, the slopes of NUE to FE were numerically (P > 0.05) higher (-16% and +36%; for RG and RFI) in corn-based diets, which agrees with superior NUE observed in corn-vs-grass diets. Results suggested that superior RG animals may present proportionally higher NUE than superior RFI animals, with even better results in corn-vs-grass diets.

Microtubules, but not actin filaments, drive daughter cell budding and cell division in Toxoplasma gondii

2000 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 1241-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. Shaw ◽  
H.L. Compton ◽  
D.S. Roos ◽  
L.G. Tilney
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Daughter Cell ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Actin Dynamics ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Infection Period ◽  
Parasite Replication

We have used drugs to examine the role(s) of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons in the intracellular growth and replication of the intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. By using a 5 minute infection period and adding the drugs shortly after entry we can treat parasites at the start of intracellular development and 6–8 hours prior to the onset of daughter cell budding. Using this approach we found, somewhat surprisingly, that reagents that perturb the actin cytoskeleton in different ways (cytochalasin D, latrunculin A and jasplakinolide) had little effect on parasite replication although they had the expected effects on the host cells. These actin inhibitors did, however, disrupt the orderly turnover of the mother cell organelles leading to the formation of a large residual body at the posterior end of each pair of budding parasites. Treating established parasite cultures with the actin inhibitors blocked ionophore-induced egression of tachyzoites from the host cells, demonstrating that intracellular parasites were susceptible to the effects of these inhibitors. In contrast, the anti-microtubule drugs oryzalin and taxol, and to a much lesser extent nocodazole, which affect microtubule dynamics in different ways, blocked parasite replication by disrupting the normal assembly of the apical conoid and the microtubule inner membrane complex (IMC) in the budding daughter parasites. Centrosome replication and assembly of intranuclear spindles, however, occurred normally. Thus, daughter cell budding per se is dependent primarily on the parasite microtubule system and does not require a dynamic actin cytoskeleton, although disruption of actin dynamics causes problems in the turnover of parasite organelles.

Development and fate of the residual body of Toxoplasma gondii

2019 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Attias ◽  
Kildare Miranda ◽  
Wanderley De Souza
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Residual Body

scholarly journals The ‘Chromatoid Body’ in Spermatogenesis

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (58) ◽  
pp. 273-292
Author(s):  
BHUPINDER N. SUD
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusion ◽  
Primary Spermatocyte ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Chromatoid Body ◽  
Acid Dyes ◽  
Basic Proteins ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Final Maturation ◽  
First Time

The chromatoid body was discovered by von Brunn (1876) in the cytoplasm of the young spermatid in the white rat. It was first described in a marsupial by KorfT (1902), in a vertebrate other than mammals by the Schreiners (1905, 1908), and in an invertebrate by Bösenberg (1905). The word chromatoide was first used in connexion with spermatogenesis by Benda (1891), who called this cytoplasmic inclusion der chromatoide Nebenkörper. The German authors generally call it der chromatoide Körper, the French authors corps chromatoïde. Wilson (1913) referred to it as the chromatoid body and it is generally given this name in papers written in English, though the expression ‘chromatic body’ is sometimes used. It is suggested that the ‘residual body’ described by Gresson and Zlotnik (1945) is identical with the chromatoid body of other authors. In most species the chromatoid body is spherical or ovoid but in some it assumes other forms as well and in a few it is never spherical or ovoid. The chromatoid body is usually single in each cell, but sometimes there are 2 or 3 and in a few there are many. In living cell the chromatoid body generally gives a low phase-change, and is invisible or almost invisible when studied by direct microscopy. In the Mammalia, however, it gives a higher phase-change. The chromatoid body is highly resistant to acetic acid. It is deeply stained by basic dyes and basic dye-lakes. It is also stained intensely by acid dyes. The chromatoid body cannot in most cases be blackened by silver or long osmication techniques. The histochemical reactions show that the chromatoid body consists mainly of RNA and basic proteins rich in arginine. There is little or no tyrosine. Lipid, carbohydrates, DNA, alkaline phosphatase, and calcium are not shown by histochemical techniques. As a rule the chromatoid body is homogeneous but in some cases it has a cortex and a medulla. In many cases it is surrounded by a clear, vacuole-like space. Under the electron microscope it has been seen as an opaque irregular body, as an irregular mass of closely aggregated, dense, osmiophil granules, or as a faintly electron-opaque body. The chromatoid body has so far been recorded in certain species of mammals, a bird, reptiles, cyclostomes, Crustacea, insects, and arachnids. In most cases it appears for the first time during the growth of the primary spermatocyte. Its presence in the spermatid has been recorded in practically all cases. With a few exceptions it has not been found to take any obvious part in the final make-up of the spermatozoon. The chromatoid body in most cases seems to disappear at the metaphases of meiosis and to be later reconstructed in the daughter cells. The chromatoid body probably originates from the ground cytoplasm. On the basis of histochemical studies it is tentatively suggested that the function of the chromatoid body may be to provide basic proteins for the final maturation of the chromatin in the nucleus of late spermatids. Certain authors have considered that a cytoplasmic inclusion occurring in the young (and in some cases mature) spermatozooids of certain liverworts, mosses, and a gymnosperm is to be regarded as the homologue of the chromatoid body. Reasons are given for denying this supposed homology.

scholarly journals Three F-actin assembly centers regulate organelle inheritance, cell-cell communication and motility in Toxoplasma gondii

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolò Tosetti ◽  
Nicolas Dos Santos Pacheco ◽  
Dominique Soldati-Favre ◽  
Damien Jacot
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Actin Polymerization ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Filamentous Actin ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Actin Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Parasite Motility ◽  
Cell Cell

Toxoplasma gondii possesses a limited set of actin-regulatory proteins and relies on only three formins (FRMs) to nucleate and polymerize actin. We combined filamentous actin (F-actin) chromobodies with gene disruption to assign specific populations of actin filaments to individual formins. FRM2 localizes to the apical juxtanuclear region and participates in apicoplast inheritance. Restricted to the residual body, FRM3 maintains the intravacuolar cell-cell communication. Conoidal FRM1 initiates a flux of F-actin crucial for motility, invasion and egress. This flux depends on myosins A and H and is controlled by phosphorylation via PKG (protein kinase G) and CDPK1 (calcium-dependent protein kinase 1) and by methylation via AKMT (apical lysine methyltransferase). This flux is independent of microneme secretion and persists in the absence of the glideosome-associated connector (GAC). This study offers a coherent model of the key players controlling actin polymerization, stressing the importance of well-timed post-translational modifications to power parasite motility.

Re-evaluation of the life cycle of Eimeria maxima Tyzzer, 1929 in chickens (Gallus domesticus)

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (8) ◽  
pp. 1051-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Dubey ◽  
M. C. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Parasitophorous Vacuole ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Eimeria Maxima ◽  
Time Course Study

AbstractA time-course study was conducted to resolve discrepancies in the literature and better define aspects of the Eimeria maxima life cycle such, as sites of development and both morphology and number of asexual stages. Broiler chickens were inoculated orally with five million E. maxima oocysts (APU1), and were necropsied at regular intervals from 12 to 120 h p.i. Small intestine tissue sections and smears were examined for developmental stages. The jejunum contained the highest numbers of developmental stages. At 12 h p.i., sporozoites were observed inside a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) in the epithelial villi and the lamina propria. By 24 h, sporozoites enclosed by a PV were observed in enterocytes of the glands of Lieberkühn. At 48 h p.i., sporozoites, elongated immature and mature schizonts, were all seen in the glands with merozoites budding off from a residual body. By 60 h, second-generation, sausage-shaped schizonts containing up to 12 merozoites were observed around a residual body in the villar tip of invaded enterocytes. At 72 and 96 h, profuse schizogony associated with third- and fourth-generation schizonts was observed throughout the villus. At 120 h, another generation (fifth) of schizonts were seen in villar tips as well as in subepithelium where gamonts and oocysts were also present; a few gamonts were in epithelium. Our finding of maximum parasitization of E. maxima in jejunum is important because this region is critical for nutrient absorption and weight gain.

Morphological and Histochemical Studies of the Chromatoid Body and Related Elements in the Spermatogenesis of the Rat

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (60) ◽  
pp. 495-506
Author(s):  
BHUPINDER N. SUD
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sertoli Cell ◽  
Protein Component ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Chromatoid Body ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Caudal Region ◽  
Final Maturation ◽  
Late Stages

In the spermatogenesis of the rat the chromatoid body is present during the growth of the primary and secondary spermatocytes, disappears at telophase of both the meiotic divisions, and is absent during interkinesis. It is reconstructed during the early stages of spermateleosis but after the elongation and condensation of the nucleus it gradually becomes smaller and disappears. Simultaneously, in the caudal region von Ebner's stainable granules appear and gradually fuse together to form a single voluminous body, Regaud's sphère chromatophile, which is discarded with the residual body and is phagocytosed by the Sertoli cell. The histochemical studies reveal that the chromatoid body, von Ebner's stainable granules, and the sphère chromatophile are similar in composition. They consist mainly of RNA and proteins, and this suggests that they may be centres of protein synthesis. The RNA content of von Ebner's stainable granules and the sphère chromatophile appears to be higher than that of the chromatoid body. This probably means that there is a progressive decrease in the protein component of the chromatoid material. Also there is a distinct change in the chemical composition of the protein component of the chroma tin during the late stages of spermateleosis. It is tentatively suggested that the function of the chromatoid material may be to provide basic proteins for the final maturation of the chromatin of the late spermatid. It appears that the chromatoid elements originate from the ground cytoplasm and disappear by merging into the latter. An enigmatic granular satellite has been found associated with the chromatoid body. It differs from the latter in its chemical composition.

Residual Body

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Heinz Mehlhorn
Keyword(s):  
Residual Body
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