Ecological lifestyles and the scaling of shark gill surface area

2018 ◽  
Vol 279 (12) ◽  
pp. 1716-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Bigman ◽  
Sebastián A. Pardo ◽  
Tanya S. Prinzing ◽  
Marc Dando ◽  
Nicholas C. Wegner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Gill Surface Area

Spatial distribution of the parasite Kroyeria carchariaeglauci Hesse, 1879 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Kroyeriidae) on gills of the blue shark (Prionace glauca (L., 1758))

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1275-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Benz ◽  
Kevin S. Dupre
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Blue Shark ◽  
Prionace Glauca ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area

Five blue sharks (Prionace glauca) were examined for gill-infesting copepods. Three species of siphonostomatoid copepods were collected: Gangliopus pyriformis, Phyllothyreus cornutus, and Kroyeria carchariaeglauci. The spatial distribution of K. carchariaeglauci was analyzed. The number of K. carchariaeglauci per shark was positively related to gill surface area and host size. Copepods were unevenly distributed amongst hemibranchs; flanking hemibranchs could be arranged into three statistically homogeneous groups. Female K. carchariaeglauci typically attached themselves within the middle 40% of each hemibranch; males were more evenly dispersed. Eighty percent of all K. carchariaeglauci attached themselves to secondary lamellae, the remainder were in the underlying excurrent water channels. Most K. carchariaeglauci were located between 10 and 25 mm along the lengths of gill filaments. Overall, the spatial distribution of K. carchariaeglauci was quite specific in all study planes. Explanation of this distribution is set forth in terms of natural selection pressures; however, the equally plausible explanation that the distribution pattern exhibited by these copepods is phylogenetically determined and may have little to do with contemporary selective constraints should not be ignored.

Circulatory and Ventilatory Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Artificial Manipulation of Gill Surface Area

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1609-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Gill Surface Area ◽  
The Brain

Reductions in surface area of the gill were artificially produced by ligating various gill arches and occluding their blood supply. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) responded to a 40–57% reduction in gill area, by increasing cardiac output and ventilation volume, and probably by redistributing blood within the remaining functional gill area. Fish with blood flow to gill arches one and three only, could maintain arterial PO2 at 90–100 mm Hg, whereas, in those with blood flow to arches three and four only, arterial PO2 fell to around 40 mm Hg. The presence of a chemoreceptor site for the regulation of arterial PO2 associated with the efferent blood vessels of arch number one is discussed. Such a receptor may be located in the pseudobranch or in the portion of the brain supplied with arterial blood from the first gill arch.

Comparison of Ectoparasite Pathology on Gills of Yellowfin Bream, Acanthopagrus-Australis (Gunther) (Pisces, Sparidae) - a Surface-Area Approach

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
FR Roubal
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Filament Length ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area

The number of gill filaments, length of gill filament and corresponding surface area affected by individual adults of Haliotrerna spariensis (Monogenea) and Ergasilus sp. and individual adults, subadults and larvae of Alella macrotrachelus (Copepoda) are examined in a large size range of the host, Acanthopagrus australis. The effects of these parasites are analysed as proportions of total filament length and total gill surface area. The parasites arranged in order of increasing number of filaments affected are: Ergasilus sp., larval A. macrotrachelus, H. spariensis, subadult A. macrotrachelus and adult A. macrotrachelus. For Ergasilus sp., H. spariensis and larval A. macrotrachelus, the length of filament affected was constant irrespective of host size; adult A. macrotrachelus affect greater lengths of filament in smaller fish, but subadult stages affect greater lengths in larger fish. Possible reasons for this are discussed. The relative pathogenicity is reduced when filament length is converted to surface area. This reduction is greater in smaller fish because they have a smaller surface area per unit length of filament than larger fish.

Ultrastructure and morphometry of the gills of Latimeria chalumnae , and a comparison with the gills of associated fishes

1980 ◽  
Vol 208 (1172) ◽  
pp. 309-328 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Phylogenetic Relations ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Grande Comore ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area ◽  
Epithelial Layers ◽  
Shallow Water Species

The gross morphology of Latimeria gills is characterized by well developed interbranchial septa that extend almost to the tips of the filaments of each hemibranch and among living fish resembles most closely that of the gills of the lungfish, Neoceratodus . Morphometric studies have shown that Latimeria has a very small gill surface area ( ca . 18 mm 2 /g body mass). The total length of the gill filaments is low and comparable with that of other fishes caught at similar depths (200 m) off Grande Comore. These fish also have smaller gill areas than those of shallow water species collected during the British-French-American expedition. The second gill arches of embryonic and very small Latimeria have a similar number of filaments to those of the adults and regression analysis suggests that filament length increases more gradually with body size in Latimeria than in most other fish, except for some Pacific fish collected from depths of 1300 m. Latimeria gills were examined in the electron microscope and compared with those of Neoceratodus . In both species the basic structure is similar to that of other fishes, having a water-blood barrier consisting of two epithelial layers, a basement membrane and pillar cell flange layers. The outer surface of the epithelium is covered with microvilli and microridges beneath which are a series of bodies reminiscent of those found in elasmo-branch fish. In Latimeria the spaces between the two epithelial layers contained lymphocytes of several types that were similar to those present in the blood channels. As in other fish secondary lamellae, the marginal channels are lined by endothelial cells containing typical osmiophilic granules, but, unlike in Latimeria and all other fish examined, such bodies were also present in the pillar cells of Neoceratodus . The distance between water and red blood cells in Latimeria is greater (6-8 μm) than in most fish and this, together with the low gill surface area, shows that this fish is ill-equipped for high oxygen uptake. A very sluggish mode of life is indicated and excessive exercise would result in hypoxic stress. The gills thus combine features related to the phylogenetic relations of Latimeria with others that it shares with unrelated fish living in similar habitats.

scholarly journals Gill dimensions in near-term embryos of Amazonian freshwater stingrays (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae) and their relationship to the lifestyle and habitat of neonatal pups

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wallice Paxiúba Duncan ◽  
Maria Isabel da Silva ◽  
Marisa Narciso Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Diffusion Distance ◽  
Diffusion Factor ◽  
Pelagic Fishes ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Active Intermediate ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Gill Surface Area ◽  
Near Term

This comparative study of gill morphometrics in near-term embryos of freshwater stingray potamotrygonids examines gill dimensions in relation to neonatal lifestyle and habitat. In embryos of the potamotrygonids Paratrygon aiereba, Plesiotrygon iwamae, Potamotrygon motoro, Potamotrygon orbignyi, and cururu ray Potamotrygon sp. the number and length of filaments, total gill surface area, mass-specific surface area, water-blood diffusion distance, and anatomical diffusion factor were analysed. In all potamotrygonids, the 3rd branchial arch possessed a larger respiratory surface than the other gill arches. Larger embryos had more gill surface area and large spiracles, which are necessary to maintain the high oxygen uptake needed due to their larger body size. However, the higher mass-specific gill surface area observed in near-term embryos may be advantageous because neonates can use hypoxic environments as refuges against predators, as well as catch small prey that inhabit the same environment. As expected from their benthic mode of life, freshwater stingrays are sluggish animals compared to pelagic fishes. However, based on gill respiratory morphometry (such as gill area, mass-specific gill area, the water-blood diffusion barrier, anatomical diffusion factor, and relative opening of the spiracle), subtypes of lifestyles can be observed corresponding to: active, intermediate, and sluggish species according to Gray's scale.

Gill Surface-Area and Its Components in the Yellowfin Bream, Acanthopagrus-Australis (Gunther) (Pisces, Sparidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
FR Roubal
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Weighting Factor ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Middle Zone ◽  
Filament Length ◽  
Basal Zone ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area

As head length (HL) of Acanthopagrus australis increases, fewer gill filaments are added, total gill filament length (TFL) increases linearly, and total gill surface area (TSA) increases exponentially. Changes in surface area components [surface area per lamella (SA), distance between adjacent lamellae (DBT) and number of lamellae per zone on one side of the filament (NPZ)] with increasing HL were examined in the distal, middle and basal zones (relative lengths 3:10:1) of a corresponding filament on the external hemibranch of the four gill arches. SA was the smallest in the basal zone and largest in the middle zone; DBT was greatest in the distal zone and smallest in the basal zone; SA and DBT increased at similar rates in different gill arches within the distal and middle zones but at different rates in each zone within an arch; growth of NPZ in the middle zone differed among gill arches but did not in the distal zone. Surface area of lamellae in the middle zone contributed most to increasing TSA. Compared with other fish of intermediate activity, the estimate of TSA for A. australis was smaller than expected; although DBT and TFL were as expected, SA was smaller than expected; possible reasons include method of measurement in situ, shrinkage caused by fixation, and absence of a weighting factor. The method employed enables large numbers of lamellae and filaments in a large number of fish to be measured, and enables regression equations to be derived that relate surface area per filament zone to head length and filament length in order to estimate the loss of surface area caused by ectoparasites.

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