Evolution of hindlimb bone dimensions and muscle masses in house mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 279 (6) ◽  
pp. 766-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto A. Castro ◽  
Theodore Garland
Keyword(s):  
Wheel Running ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Bone Dimensions ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

Effects of voluntary activity and genetic selection on muscle metabolic capacities in house mice Mus domesticus

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1608-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Houle-Leroy ◽  
Theodore Garland ◽  
John G. Swallow ◽  
Helga Guderley
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

Selective breeding is an important tool in behavioral genetics and evolutionary physiology, but it has rarely been applied to the study of exercise physiology. We are using artificial selection for increased wheel-running behavior to study the correlated evolution of locomotor activity and physiological determinants of exercise capacity in house mice. We studied enzyme activities and their response to voluntary wheel running in mixed hindlimb muscles of mice from generation 14, at which time individuals from selected lines ran more than twice as many revolutions per day as those from control (unselected) lines. Beginning at weaning and for 8 wk, we housed mice from each of four replicate selected lines and four replicate control lines with access to wheels that were free to rotate (wheel-access group) or locked (sedentary group). Among sedentary animals, mice from selected lines did not exhibit a general increase in aerobic capacities: no mitochondrial [except pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)] or glycolytic enzyme activity was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher than in control mice. Sedentary mice from the selected lines exhibited a trend for higher muscle aerobic capacities, as indicated by higher levels of mitochondrial (cytochrome- c oxidase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase, citrate synthase, and PDH) and glycolytic (hexokinase and phosphofructokinase) enzymes, with concomitant lower anaerobic capacities, as indicated by lactate dehydrogenase (especially in male mice). Consistent with previous studies of endurance training in rats via voluntary wheel running or forced treadmill exercise, cytochrome- c oxidase, citrate synthase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity increased in the wheel-access groups for both genders; hexokinase also increased in both genders. Some enzymes showed gender-specific responses: PDH and lactate dehydrogenase increased in wheel-access male but not female mice, and glycogen phosphorylase decreased in female but not in male mice. Two-way analysis of covariance revealed significant interactions between line type and activity group; for several enzymes, activities showed greater changes in mice from selected lines, presumably because such mice ran more revolutions per day and at greater velocities. Thus genetic selection for increased voluntary wheel running did not reduce the capability of muscle aerobic capacity to respond to training.

Selection for high voluntary wheel-running increases speed and intermittency in house mice (Mus domesticus)

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (24) ◽  
pp. 4311-4320 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Girard ◽  
M. W. McAleer ◽  
J. S. Rhodes ◽  
T. Garland
Keyword(s):  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Mus Domesticus ◽  
Selection Line ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Continuous Exercise ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

SUMMARY In nature, many animals use intermittent rather than continuous locomotion. In laboratory studies, intermittent exercise regimens have been shown to increase endurance compared with continuous exercise. We hypothesized that increased intermittency has evolved in lines of house mice (Mus domesticus) that have been selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running (wheel diameter 1.12 m) activity. After 23 generations, female mice from four replicate selection lines ran 2.7 times more revolutions per day than individuals from four random-bred control lines. To measure instantaneous running speeds and to quantify intermittency, we videotaped mice (N=41) during a 5-min period of peak activity on night 6 of a 6-day exposure to wheels. Compared with controls (20 revs min–1 while actually running), selection-line females (41 revs min–1) ran significantly faster. These instantaneous speeds closely matched the computer-recorded speeds over the same 5-min period. Selection-line females also ran more intermittently, with shorter (10.0 s bout–1) and more frequent (7.8 bouts min–1) bouts than controls (16.8 s bout–1, 3.4 bouts min–1). Inter-bout pauses were also significantly shorter in selection-line (2.7 s) than in control-line (7.4 s) females. We hypothesize that intermittency of locomotion is a key feature allowing the increased wheel-running performance at high running speeds in selection-line mice.

scholarly journals Effects of selective breeding for high voluntary wheel-running behavior on femoral nutrient canal size and abundance in house mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas L. Schwartz ◽  
Biren A. Patel ◽  
Theodore Garland ◽  
Angela M. Horner
Keyword(s):  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

scholarly journals Immune response to a Trichinella spiralis infection in house mice from lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running

2013 ◽  
Vol 216 (22) ◽  
pp. 4212-4221 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Dlugosz ◽  
H. Schutz ◽  
T. H. Meek ◽  
W. Acosta ◽  
C. J. Downs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

scholarly journals Antioxidant Gene Expression in Active and Sedentary House Mice (Mus domesticus) Selected for High Voluntary Wheel-Running Behavior

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 161 (4) ◽  
pp. 1763-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M Bronikowski ◽  
Theodore J Morgan ◽  
Theodore Garland ◽  
Patrick A Carter
Keyword(s):  
Wheel Running ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Rnase Protection ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Running Wheels ◽  
Cat Expression ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

Abstract We present liver mRNA levels of the two antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) in four treatment groups of house mice assayed by RNase protection at 20 months of age. These groups were mice from four replicate selection and four replicate control lines from the sixteenth generation of selective breeding for high voluntary wheel running, housed with or without running wheels from age 3 weeks through 20 months. Exercising control females had induced CAT expression; SOD2 exhibited a similar pattern in females from two of the four control lines. Exercising male mice had induced CAT expression, but not SOD2 expression, irrespective of genetic background. We discuss these results with respect to both evolutionary (genetic) and training (exercise-induced) adaptations and explore predictions of these results in relation to the oxidative-damage theory of senescence.

Behaviour of house mice artificially selected for high levels of voluntary wheel running

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1307-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Koteja ◽  
Theodore Garland ◽  
Joanna K. Sax ◽  
John G. Swallow ◽  
Patrick A. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Wheel Running ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

Artificial selection for increased wheel-running activity in house mice results in decreased body mass at maturity

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (18) ◽  
pp. 2513-2520 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Swallow ◽  
P. Koteja ◽  
P.A. Carter ◽  
T. Garland
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Wheel Running Activity ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

To test the hypothesis that body size and activity levels are negatively genetically correlated, we conducted an artificial selection experiment for increased voluntary wheel-running activity in house mice (Mus domesticus). Here, we compare body masses of mice from control and selected lines after 14 generations of selection. In both groups, beginning at weaning and then for 8 weeks, we housed half of the individuals with access to running wheels that were free to rotate and the other half with wheels that were locked to prevent rotation. Mice from selected lines were more active than controls at weaning (21 days) and across the experiment (total revolutions during last week: females 2.5-fold higher, males 2.1-fold higher). At weaning, mice from selected and control lines did not differ significantly in body mass. At 79 days of age, mice from selected lines weighed 13.6 % less than mice from control lines, whereas mice with access to free wheels weighed 4.5 % less than ‘sedentary’ individuals; both effects were statistically significant and additive. Within the free-wheel-access group, individual variation in body mass of males was negatively correlated with amount of wheel-running during the last week (P&lt;0.01); for females, the relationship was also negative but not statistically significant (P&gt;0.40). The narrow-sense genetic correlation between wheel-running and body mass after 8 weeks of wheel access was estimated to be −0. 50. A negative genetic correlation could account for the negative relationship between voluntary wheel-running and body mass that has been reported across 13 species of muroid rodents.

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