The shrew tamed by Wolff's law: Do functional constraints shape the skull through muscle and bone covariation?

2014 ◽  
Vol 276 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Cornette ◽  
Anne Tresset ◽  
Anthony Herrel
Keyword(s):  
Functional Constraints ◽  
Wolff’S Law

Optimal control of higher order differential inclusions with functional constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elimhan N. Mahmudov
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Optimality Conditions ◽  
Differential Inclusion ◽  
Differential Inclusions ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Sufficient Optimality Conditions ◽  
Functional Constraints ◽  
Complementary Slackness ◽  
Complementary Slackness Conditions

The present paper studies the Mayer problem with higher order evolution differential inclusions and functional constraints of optimal control theory (PFC); to this end first we use an interesting auxiliary problem with second order discrete-time and discrete approximate inclusions (PFD). Are proved necessary and sufficient conditions incorporating the Euler–Lagrange inclusion, the Hamiltonian inclusion, the transversality and complementary slackness conditions. The basic concept of obtaining optimal conditions is locally adjoint mappings and equivalence results. Then combining these results and passing to the limit in the discrete approximations we establish new sufficient optimality conditions for second order continuous-time evolution inclusions. This approach and results make a bridge between optimal control problem with higher order differential inclusion (PFC) and constrained mathematical programming problems in finite-dimensional spaces. Formulation of the transversality and complementary slackness conditions for second order differential inclusions play a substantial role in the next investigations without which it is hardly ever possible to get any optimality conditions; consequently, these results are generalized to the problem with an arbitrary higher order differential inclusion. Furthermore, application of these results is demonstrated by solving some semilinear problem with second and third order differential inclusions.

Boning up on Wolff's Law: Mechanical regulation of the cells that make and maintain bone

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Hung Chen ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
Lidan You ◽  
Craig A. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Wolff’S Law ◽  
Mechanical Regulation

scholarly journals Judges as Legislators: Not Whether But How

1969 ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Functional Constraints ◽  
Law Making ◽  
Do So ◽  
Legal Writers

Although judicial legislation has always been an important feature of the legal system, it is not often acknowledged publicly. This has meant that the proper limits of the process, and the means by which it can be carried out most effectively, have not received due attention from legal writers. This article addresses those questions. It examines the reasons judges make laws, the reasons for their reluctance to admit publicly that they do so, the formal and functional constraints that should govern their law-making, and some procedures by which the process may be assisted and improved.

scholarly journals The cichlid oral and pharyngeal jaws are evolutionarily and genetically coupled

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Conith ◽  
R. Craig Albertson
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Functional Constraints ◽  
East African ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
African Rift ◽  
Pharyngeal Jaws ◽  
African Cichlids ◽  
Pharyngeal Jaw

AbstractEvolutionary constraints may significantly bias phenotypic change, while “breaking” from such constraints can lead to expanded ecological opportunity. Ray-finned fishes have broken functional constraints by developing two jaws (oral-pharyngeal), decoupling prey capture (oral jaw) from processing (pharyngeal jaw). It is hypothesized that the oral and pharyngeal jaws represent independent evolutionary modules and this facilitated diversification in feeding architectures. Here we test this hypothesis in African cichlids. Contrary to our expectation, we find integration between jaws at multiple evolutionary levels. Next, we document integration at the genetic level, and identify a candidate gene, smad7, within a pleiotropic locus for oral and pharyngeal jaw shape that exhibits correlated expression between the two tissues. Collectively, our data show that African cichlid evolutionary success has occurred within the context of a coupled jaw system, an attribute that may be driving adaptive evolution in this iconic group by facilitating rapid shifts between foraging habitats, providing an advantage in a stochastic environment such as the East African Rift-Valley.

scholarly journals The Distinct Properties of the Consecutive Disordered Regions Inside or Outside Protein Domains and Their Functional Significance

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10677
Author(s):  
Huqiang Wang ◽  
Haolin Zhong ◽  
Chao Gao ◽  
Jiayin Zang ◽  
Dong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins ◽  
Protein Domains ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Disordered Proteins ◽  
Functional Constraints ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Intrinsically Disordered ◽  
And Function ◽  
Disordered Regions

The consecutive disordered regions (CDRs) are the basis for the formation of intrinsically disordered proteins, which contribute to various biological functions and increasing organism complexity. Previous studies have revealed that CDRs may be present inside or outside protein domains, but a comprehensive analysis of the property differences between these two types of CDRs and the proteins containing them is lacking. In this study, we investigated this issue from three viewpoints. Firstly, we found that in-domain CDRs are more hydrophilic and stable but have less stickiness and fewer post-translational modification sites compared with out-domain CDRs. Secondly, at the protein level, we found that proteins with only in-domain CDRs originated late, evolved rapidly, and had weak functional constraints, compared with the other two types of CDR-containing proteins. Proteins with only in-domain CDRs tend to be expressed spatiotemporal specifically, but they tend to have higher abundance and are more stable. Thirdly, we screened the CDR-containing protein domains that have a strong correlation with organism complexity. The CDR-containing domains tend to be evolutionarily young, or they changed from a domain without CDR to a CDR-containing domain during evolution. These results provide valuable new insights about the evolution and function of CDRs and protein domains.

scholarly journals Phylogeny Reconstruction and Functional Constraints in Organellar Genomes: Plastid atpB and rbcL Sequences Versus Animal Mitochondrion

2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Savolainen ◽  
Mark W. Chase ◽  
Nicolas Salamin ◽  
Douglas E. Soltis ◽  
Pamela S. Soltis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogeny Reconstruction ◽  
Functional Constraints ◽  
Organellar Genomes ◽  
Rbcl Sequences

scholarly journals Adaptive simplification and the evolution of gecko locomotion: Morphological and biomechanical consequences of losing adhesion

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy E. Higham ◽  
Aleksandra V. Birn-Jeffery ◽  
Clint E. Collins ◽  
C. Darrin Hulsey ◽  
Anthony P. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Adhesive System ◽  
Loss Reduction ◽  
Functional Constraints ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Kinematic Evolution

Innovations permit the diversification of lineages, but they may also impose functional constraints on behaviors such as locomotion. Thus, it is not surprising that secondary simplification of novel locomotory traits has occurred several times among vertebrates and could potentially lead to exceptional divergence when constraints are relaxed. For example, the gecko adhesive system is a remarkable innovation that permits locomotion on surfaces unavailable to other animals, but has been lost or simplified in species that have reverted to a terrestrial lifestyle. We examined the functional and morphological consequences of this adaptive simplification in the Pachydactylus radiation of geckos, which exhibits multiple unambiguous losses or bouts of simplification of the adhesive system. We found that the rates of morphological and 3D locomotor kinematic evolution are elevated in those species that have simplified or lost adhesive capabilities. This finding suggests that the constraints associated with adhesion have been circumvented, permitting these species to either run faster or burrow. The association between a terrestrial lifestyle and the loss/reduction of adhesion suggests a direct link between morphology, biomechanics, and ecology.

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