The ventral nerve cord in Cephalocarida (Crustacea): New insights into the ground pattern of Tetraconata

2013 ◽  
Vol 275 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E.J. Stegner ◽  
Georg Brenneis ◽  
Stefan Richter
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Ground Pattern

The ventral nerve cord in cephalocarida (Crustacea): New insights into the ground pattern of tetraconata

2014 ◽  
Vol 275 (3) ◽  
pp. NA-NA
Author(s):  
Martin E.J. Stegner ◽  
Georg Brenneis ◽  
Stefan Richter
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Ground Pattern

scholarly journals Fuxianhuiid ventral nerve cord and early nervous system evolution in Panarthropoda

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (11) ◽  
pp. 2988-2993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Yang ◽  
Javier Ortega-Hernández ◽  
Nicholas J. Butterfield ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
George S. Boyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
The Body ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Ground Pattern ◽  
Exceptional Preservation ◽  
Stem Group ◽  
Nervous System Evolution ◽  
Neurological Features

Panarthropods are typified by disparate grades of neurological organization reflecting a complex evolutionary history. The fossil record offers a unique opportunity to reconstruct early character evolution of the nervous system via exceptional preservation in extinct representatives. Here we describe the neurological architecture of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) in the upper-stem group euarthropodChengjiangocaris kunmingensisfrom the early Cambrian Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte (South China). The VNC ofC. kunmingensiscomprises a homonymous series of condensed ganglia that extend throughout the body, each associated with a pair of biramous limbs. Submillimetric preservation reveals numerous segmental and intersegmental nerve roots emerging from both sides of the VNC, which correspond topologically to the peripheral nerves of extant Priapulida and Onychophora. The fuxianhuiid VNC indicates that ancestral neurological features of Ecdysozoa persisted into derived members of stem-group Euarthropoda but were later lost in crown-group representatives. These findings illuminate the VNC ground pattern in Panarthropoda and suggest the independent secondary loss of cycloneuralian-like neurological characters in Tardigrada and Euarthropoda.

Extracellular filaments in the perineurium of the florida lobster, Panulirus argus

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 784-785
Author(s):  
Roy J. Baerwald ◽  
Lura C. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Florida Keys ◽  
Panulirus Argus ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Nerve Cords

In arthropods the perineurium surrounds the neuropile, consists of modified glial cells, and is the morphological basis for the blood-brain barrier. The perineurium is surrounded by an acellular neural lamella, sometimes containing scattered collagen-like fibrils. This perineurial-neural lamellar complex is thought to occur ubiquitously throughout the arthropods. This report describes a SEM and TEM study of the sheath surrounding the ventral nerve cord of Panulirus argus.Juvenile P. argus were collected from the Florida Keys and maintained in marine aquaria. Nerve cords were fixed for TEM in Karnovsky's fixative and saturated tannic acid in 0.1 M Na-cacodylate buffer, pH = 7.4; post-fixed in 1.0% OsO4 in the same buffer; dehydrated through a graded series of ethanols; embedded in Epon-Araldite; and examined in a Philips 200 TEM. Nerve cords were fixed for SEM in a similar manner except that tannic acid was not used.

scholarly journals Mutations Affecting Nerve Attachment of Caenorhabditis elegans

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 1611-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Go Shioi ◽  
Michinari Shoji ◽  
Masashi Nakamura ◽  
Takeshi Ishihara ◽  
Isao Katsura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Muscle Attachment ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Ventral Cord ◽  
Excretory Canal

Abstract Using a pan-neuronal GFP marker, a morphological screen was performed to detect Caenorhabditis elegans larval lethal mutants with severely disorganized major nerve cords. We recovered and characterized 21 mutants that displayed displacement or detachment of the ventral nerve cord from the body wall (Ven: ventral cord abnormal). Six mutations defined three novel genetic loci: ven-1, ven-2, and ven-3. Fifteen mutations proved to be alleles of previously identified muscle attachment/positioning genes, mup-4, mua-1, mua-5, and mua-6. All the mutants also displayed muscle attachment/positioning defects characteristic of mua/mup mutants. The pan-neuronal GFP marker also revealed that mutants of other mua/mup loci, such as mup-1, mup-2, and mua-2, exhibited the Ven defect. The hypodermis, the excretory canal, and the gonad were morphologically abnormal in some of the mutants. The pleiotropic nature of the defects indicates that ven and mua/mup genes are required generally for the maintenance of attachment of tissues to the body wall in C. elegans.

Serotonin-induced nitric oxide production in the ventral nerve cord of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiichiro Kitamura ◽  
Yuichi Naganoma ◽  
Haruhito Horita ◽  
Hiroto Ogawa ◽  
Kotaro Oka
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Eisenia Fetida ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Nitric Oxide Production ◽  
Oxide Production

THE HISTOLOGY OF THE GIANT FIBRE SYSTEM IN THE ABDOMINAL VENTRAL NERVE CORD OF THE DESERT LOCUST

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1163-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Seabrook
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Desert Locust ◽  
Giant Fibre ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
Giant Fibres ◽  
Giant Fibre System

AbstractSchistocerca gregaria possess four neurones of giant fibre proportions within the abdominal ventral nerve cord. These fibres arise from single cell bodies in the terminal ganglionic mass and pass without interruption to the metathoracic ganglion. Fibres become reduced in diameter when passing through a ganglion. Branching of the giant fibres occurs in abdominal ganglia 6 and 7.

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