Rural India facing the 21st century: essays on long term village change and recent development policy by Barbara Harriss-White and S. Janakarajan, (London: Anthem Press, 2004, pp. 539 + xxvii)

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1165-1166
Author(s):  
Supriya Garikipati
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Rural India

scholarly journals The Challenge of Educating Purposeful Teachers in Finland

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Elina Kuusisto ◽  
Kirsi Tirri
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Student Teachers ◽  
21St Century ◽  
School Community ◽  
The Self ◽  
Moral Commitment ◽  
Mediating Factor

This article discusses the challenges of educating teachers in Finland. As a goal in teacher education for the 21st century we propose the purposeful teacher, referring to a teacher who has a long-term moral commitment to serve students, the school community and society. Our data collected from student (N = 912) and practising (N = 77) teachers yielded information on the purposes they identified as important in their lives. The survey included quantitative instruments and open- ended questions. The teachers identified happiness, relationships, work and self-actualisation as the most important contents of their aspirations. All the content categories could be understood as potential purposes in that the benefit extended beyond the teachers themselves. However, almost half of the student teachers (46%) and over half of teachers (55%) revealed only self-orientation. Less than half of them (43%, 36%, respectively) showed a beyond-the-self orientation, which is indicative of a purposeful teacher. Among the practising teachers, teaching appeared to be mainly a mediating factor in realising their purposes or aspirations. These results have implications related to contemporary teacher education in Finland. Both pre- and in-service teachers need to know about purposeful teaching in order to find meaning in their work.

scholarly journals Future Changes in Wave Conditions at the German Baltic Sea Coast Based on a Hybrid Approach Using an Ensemble of Regional Climate Change Projections

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Norman Dreier ◽  
Edgar Nehlsen ◽  
Peter Fröhle ◽  
Diana Rechid ◽  
Laurens M. Bouwer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Wind Wave ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Wave Modelling ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Mean Wave Period ◽  
Wave Conditions ◽  
Sea Coast

In this study, the projected future long-term changes of the local wave conditions at the German Baltic Sea coast over the course of the 21st century are analyzed and assessed with special focus on model agreement, statistical significance and ranges/spread of the results. An ensemble of new regional climate model (RCM) simulations with the RCM REMO for three RCP forcing scenarios was used as input data. The outstanding feature of the simulations is that the data are available with a high horizontal resolution and at hourly timesteps which is a high temporal resolution and beneficial for the wind–wave modelling. A new data interface between RCM output data and wind–wave modelling has been developed. Suitable spatial aggregation methods of the RCM wind data have been tested and used to generate input for the calculation of waves at quasi deep-water conditions and at a mean water level with a hybrid approach that enables the fast compilation of future long-term time series of significant wave height, mean wave period and direction for an ensemble of RCM data. Changes of the average wind and wave conditions have been found, with a majority of the changes occurring for the RCP8.5 forcing scenario and at the end of the 21st century. At westerly wind-exposed locations mainly increasing values of the wind speed, significant wave height and mean wave period have been noted. In contrast, at easterly wind-exposed locations, decreasing values are predominant. Regarding the changes of the mean wind and wave directions, westerly directions becoming more frequent. Additional research is needed regarding the long-term changes of extreme wave events, e.g., the choice of a best-fit extreme value distribution function and the spatial aggregation method of the wind data.

The Policy Capacity of Bureaucracy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharma Shubham ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Xun Wu
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Policy Problem ◽  
Policy Capacity ◽  
The Individual

Bureaucracy is one of the oldest institutions of a government system. Its role and importance have grown immensely in modern government systems. Bureaucrats or public administrators are indispensable in the policy decision making process in the 21st century. From the early conception as a branch of government responsible for the implementation of policy decisions and everyday functioning, bureaucracy has assumed a more active role in the policymaking process. It has gone through many reforms; however, these reforms have been largely incremental and static. While the external environment or the problems faced by bureaucracy is continuously evolving, the change in bureaucracy has not been in the same proportion. In the 21st century, many issues confronting bureaucracy are not only wicked but also global in nature. Moreover, challenges posed by technological disruptions and long-term processes such as climate change put bureaucracy at all levels of a government in a far trickier position than their earlier envisaged basic functions. In dealing with such challenges, the policy capacity of bureaucracy cannot be taken for granted. There are often significant gaps in capacity to anticipate a policy problem, to ensure coordination and preserve legitimacy, to translate global issues at local levels, and to learn from the past. It is crucial to strengthen analytical capacity at the individual and organizational level, operational capacity at the organizational level, and political capacity at the systems level to address these gaps. Tackling capacity gaps systematically would enable bureaucracy to design and implement policy and administrative reforms with a long-term vision of adaptation and evolution instead of merely in reactive mode. The policy capacity framework presented in this article is useful in identifying the capacity gaps that inhibit bureaucracy from evolving and the remedies to address these gaps.

scholarly journals Projecting marine fish production and catch potential in Bangladesh in the 21st century under long-term environmental change and management scenarios

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1357-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose A. Fernandes ◽  
Susan Kay ◽  
Mostafa A. R. Hossain ◽  
Munir Ahmed ◽  
William W. L. Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Bombay Duck

Abstract The fisheries sector is crucial to the Bangladeshi economy and wellbeing, accounting for 4.4% of national gross domestic product and 22.8% of agriculture sector production, and supplying ca. 60% of the national animal protein intake. Fish is vital to the 16 million Bangladeshis living near the coast, a number that has doubled since the 1980s. Here, we develop and apply tools to project the long-term productive capacity of Bangladesh marine fisheries under climate and fisheries management scenarios, based on downscaling a global climate model, using associated river flow and nutrient loading estimates, projecting high-resolution changes in physical and biochemical ocean properties, and eventually projecting fish production and catch potential under different fishing mortality targets. We place particular interest on Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha), which accounts for ca. 11% of total catches, and Bombay duck (Harpadon nehereus), a low price fish that is the second highest catch in Bangladesh and is highly consumed by low-income communities. It is concluded that the impacts of climate change, under greenhouse emissions scenario A1B, are likely to reduce the potential fish production in the Bangladesh exclusive economic zone by <10%. However, these impacts are larger for the two target species. Under sustainable management practices, we expect Hilsa shad catches to show a minor decline in potential catch by 2030 but a significant (25%) decline by 2060. However, if overexploitation is allowed, catches are projected to fall much further, by almost 95% by 2060, compared with the Business as Usual scenario for the start of the 21st century. For Bombay duck, potential catches by 2060 under sustainable scenarios will produce a decline of <20% compared with current catches. The results demonstrate that management can mitigate or exacerbate the effects of climate change on ecosystem productivity.

scholarly journals Social Impact and Diffusion of Telecenter Use: A Study from the Sustainable Access in Rural India Project

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Kumar ◽  
Michael L Best
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
South India ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Rural South ◽  
Social Diffusion ◽  
The Village ◽  
And Diffusion

In a study of social diffusion of telecenter use in rural south India, we find that these centers are being used only by a relatively small proportion of the village households despite their having been in operation for well over a year. Based on a survey of the telecenter users, we find that these users are, in general, young, male, school or college students, relatively more educated, belong to relatively higher income households, and come from socially and economically advanced communities. Thus the telecenters may sustain existing socioeconomic inequalities within these communities. However, we find some significant exceptions. We find that location of telecenters close to the residential localities where socially and economically backward communities live and presence of local champions within those communities are associated with attracting more users from those communities. We also find that providing localized content and services and making these services more affordable are other important factors in increasing usage and diffusion. We posit that incorporating these factors in the planning, spatial location, and operation of the telecenters can significantly improve their social diffusion and improve their long-term financial and social sustainability.

scholarly journals Long-period changes of the air temperature in Tatarstan and their forecast till the end of the 21st century

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-107
Author(s):  
Yuri P. Perevedentsev ◽  
Konstantin M. Shantalinskii ◽  
Boris G. Sherstukov ◽  
Alexander A. Nikolaev
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Earth

Long-term changes in air temperature on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan in the 20th–21st centuries are considered. The periods of unambiguous changes in the surface air temperature are determined. It is established that the average winter temperature from the 1970s to 2017, increased in the Kazan region by more than 3 °C and the average summer temperature increased by about 2 °C over the same period. The contribution of global scale processes to the variability of the temperature of the Kazan region is shown: it was 37 % in winter, 23 % in summer. The correlation analysis of the anomalies of average annual air temperature in Kazan and the series of air temperature anomalies in each node over the continents, as well as the ocean surface temperature in each coordinate node on Earth for 1880 –2017, was performed. Long-distance communications were detected in the temperature field between Kazan and remote regions of the Earth. It is noted that long-period climate fluctuations in Kazan occur synchronously with fluctuations in the high latitudes of Asia and North America, with fluctuations in ocean surface temperature in the Arctic ocean, with fluctuations in air temperature in the Far East, and with fluctuations in ocean surface temperature in the Southern hemisphere in the Indian and Pacific oceans, as well as air temperature in southern Australia. It is suggested that there is a global mechanism that regulates long-term climate fluctuations throughout the Earth in the considered interval of 200 years of observations. According to the CMIP5 project, climatic scenarios were built for Kazan until the end of the 21st century.

scholarly journals A Sample Book Of Late 20th And Early 21st Century Expired Silver Gelatin Photographic Papers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne R. Guillemette
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Visual Identification ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Long Term Preservation

In this applied thesis project, a sample booklet of various expired silver gelatin papers is created. Specific information on the use of expired photographic papers by contemporary photographers is discussed as well as insights from collection caretakers (collection managers/archivists/conservators) on the possible implications that printing with expired silver gelatin papers may have for the long-term preservation of photographic works. The major contribution of this thesis is to create and gain a better understanding of tools that can be used in the characterisation and identification of expired silver gelatin papers. It is also to demonstrate that a tactile tool such as the sample booklet can assist in identifying various deterioration events. I feel that it is important to have a hands-on source that can be used independently or collectively with other sources such as web-based visual identification tools. The booklet will be useful as an educational tool for students, collection care takers, as well as professionals in the photographic field.

scholarly journals Individuals, knowledge and governance in the 21st-century society

2007 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. C04 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Cerroni
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Social Species ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Process ◽  
Knowledge Circulation ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge

The knowledge society is a new social species that, despite many uncertainties and some (old and new) ambiguities, is emerging on the horizon of the 21st century. Placed at the convergence of two long-term processes (society of individuals and knowledge society), it is characterised by the social-economic process of knowledge circulation, which can be divided into four fundamental phases (generation, institutionalisation, spreading and socialisation). The current situation also sees the traditional (modern) structure of knowledge being outdated by the convergence of nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, information technologies and neuro-cognitive technologies (NBIC). In the background, the need arises to cross the cultural frontier of modernity.

scholarly journals Impact of community-led local development on territorial prosperity

2021 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 01015
Author(s):  
Stoyanka Tsacheva ◽  
Violetka Zheleva
Keyword(s):  
Development Policy ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
Programming Period ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

Community-led local development is an approach that is increasingly applied in traditional territorial development policy. In this method, management is left in the “hands of local people”, who receive long-term funding, which they distribute according to the needs of the region. The aim of the study is to examine the impact and participation in the development of the territory through CLLD measures. The expert assessment and recommendations of the surveyed LAG leaders and specialists regarding the contribution of the community-led local development approach have been sought. The applied research methods in the present study are theoretical and empirical, incl. analysis, synthesis, comparison, survey, statistical processing. The results of the survey show that the majority of respondents are satisfied with the implementation of CLLD and have clear and concrete proposals for improving the approach in the next programming period. In conclusion it is necessary to note that despite all difficulties, the interest in CLLD on the part of local communities is very high, because the approach provides many opportunities to solve problems related to local development. Key words: community-led local development, LEADER program, LAG, territorial prosperity.

Grey RBF Neural Network Forecasting on LV under the View of Government Responsibility

2012 ◽  
Vol 452-453 ◽  
pp. 700-704
Author(s):  
Feng Rong Zhang ◽  
Annik Magerholm Fet ◽  
Xin Wei Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Neural Network Model ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Rbf Neural Network ◽  
Good Method ◽  
Government Responsibility ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Government

At present, the domestic research on the scale of macroscopic logistics has yet belonged to the blankness, therefore, this research tries using LV in circulation and LV in stock to measure the logistics volume and forecasting it in a long period. In order to overcome the phenomenon of “floating upward” in long-term period, this paper establish the improved Grey RBF to forecast the LV next 5-10 year in Jilin province of China. The results show that the increased circulation of goods is the main reason leading to increased logistics volume, and the simulation also shows that the improved gray RBF neural network model is a good method for the government to establish the logistics development policy.

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