scholarly journals Interannual variability in the surface energy budget and evaporation over a large southern inland water in the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. 4290-4302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianyu Zhang ◽  
Heping Liu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Inland Water

scholarly journals Examining the atmospheric radiative and snow-darkening effects of black carbon and dust across the Rocky Mountains of the United States using WRF-Chem

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 10911-10935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Rahimi ◽  
Xiaohong Liu ◽  
Chun Zhao ◽  
Zheng Lu ◽  
Zachary J. Lebo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Energy Deficit

Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) is run to quantify the in-snow and atmospheric radiative effects of black carbon (BC) and dust on a convective-allowing (4 km) grid for water year 2009 across a large area of the Rocky Mountains. The snow-darkening effect (SDE) due to the deposition of these light-absorbing particles (LAPs) on surface snow enhances snowmelt by 3 to 12 mm during late spring and early summer, effectuating surface runoff increases (decreases) prior to (after) June. Meanwhile, aerosol–radiation interactions (ARIs) associated with LAPs generally dim the surface from incoming solar energy, introducing an energy deficit at the surface and leading to snowpack preservation by 1 to 5 mm. Surface runoff alterations brought forth by LAP ARI are of opposite phase to those associated with LAP SDEs, and the BC SDE drives a majority of the surface energy and hydrological perturbations. More generally, changes in snow water equivalent (SWE) brought forth by LAP effects are more a result of perturbations to the surface energy budget rather than changes in precipitation amount or type. It is also found that perturbations to the surface energy budget by dust ARI can differ in sign from those of BC ARI, with the former being positive, enhancing snow melting, and changing runoff.

scholarly journals Examining the atmospheric radiative and snow-darkening effects of black carbon and dust across the Rocky Mountains of the United States using WRF-Chem

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Rahimi ◽  
Xiaohong Liu ◽  
Chun Zhao ◽  
Zheng Lu ◽  
Zachary J. Lebo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Large Area

Abstract. WRF-Chem is run to quantify the in-snow and atmospheric radiative effects of black carbon and dust (BCD, collectively) on a convective-allowing (4-km) grid for water year 2009 across a large area of the Rocky Mountains. The snow darkening effect (SDE) due to the deposition of BCD on surface snow accelerates the snowmelt by 3 to 12 millimeters during late spring and early summer, effectuating runoff increases (decreases) prior to (after) June. Meanwhile, aerosol radiation interactions (ARI) associated with BCD generally dim the surface from incoming solar energy, introducing an energy deficit at the surface and lead to snowpack preservation by 1 to 5 millimeters. Runoff alterations brought forth by BCD ARI are of opposite phase to those associated with BCD SDEs, and the BC SDE drives a majority of the surface energy and hydrological perturbations. More generally, changes in snow water equivalent (SWE) brought forth by BCD effects are due to perturbations to the surface energy budget and not initiated by changes in precipitation amount or type. It is also found that perturbations to the surface energy budget by dust ARI can differ in sign from those of BC ARI, with the former being positive across high-albedo surfaces, enhancing snow melting and changing runoff.

Interannual Variability in Arctic Surface Energy Fluxes and their Drivers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raleigh Grysko ◽  
Jacqueline Oehri ◽  
Gabriela Schaepman-Strub
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Atmospheric Stability ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Energy Fluxes ◽  
Surface Energy Fluxes ◽  
Arctic Surface

<div> <p>The Arctic is undergoing amplified climate warming, and temperature and precipitation are predicted to increase even more in the future. Increased climate warming is indicative of changes in the surface energy budget, which lies at the heart of the carbon and water budget. The surface energy budget is an important driver of many earth system processes, and yet has received little attention in the past.</p> </div><div> <p>The goal of this study is to further develop our understanding in the spatio-temporal variability of Arctic surface energy fluxes. Specifically, we will investigate the magnitude and dependence on changes in energy flux drivers interannually at different sites across the Arctic. We used<span> </span><em>in situ</em><span> </span>data from 10 sites gathered from the FLUXNET2015, Arctic Observatory Network, and European Fluxes Database Center repositories. All study sites are of 60° N or higher and spread across the Arctic. The chosen sites include Chokurdakh, Russia (147.5° E, 70.8° N), Cherskiy, Russia (161.3° E, 68.6° N), Kaamanen,, Finland (27.3° E, 69.1° N), Imnavait Creek, USA (-149.3° E, 68.6° N), Zackenberg Heath, Greenland (-20.6° E, 74.5° N), Tiksi, Russia (128.9° E, 71.6° N), Sodankyla, Finland (26.6° E, 67.4° N), Poker Flat, USA (-147.5° E, 65.1° N), Nuuk, Greenland (-51.4° E, 64.1° N), and Samoylov, Russia (126.5° E, 72.4° N). Using these data, we analyzed the interannual variability of surface energy fluxes including net radiation, sensible, latent, and ground heat fluxes, and Bowen ratio including their dependence on potential drivers, such as temperature, wind speed, atmospheric stability, and vapor pressure deficit.</p> </div><p>Our results on interannual variability in surface energy fluxes and flux drivers inform long term climate model simulations across the Arctic, which is critical for the improved prediction of the state and development of the surface energy budget and drivers under current and future conditions in this vulnerable, rapidly changing, and understudied region.</p>

scholarly journals A Climatology of 500-hPa Closed Lows in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean, 1948–2011

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1578-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina S. Oakley ◽  
Kelly T. Redmond
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
West Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Reanalysis Dataset ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northeastern Pacific

AbstractThe northeastern Pacific Ocean is a preferential location for the formation of closed low pressure systems. These slow-moving, quasi-barotropic systems influence vertical stability and sustain a moist environment, giving them the potential to produce or affect sustained precipitation episodes along the west coast of the United States. They can remain motionless or change direction and speed more than once and thus often pose difficult forecast challenges. This study creates an objective climatological description of 500-hPa closed lows to assess their impacts on precipitation in the western United States and to explore interannual variability and preferred tracks. Geopotential height at 500 hPa from the NCEP–NCAR global reanalysis dataset was used at 6-h and 2.5° × 2.5° resolution for the period 1948–2011. Closed lows displayed seasonality and preferential durations. Time series for seasonal and annual event counts were found to exhibit strong interannual variability. Composites of the tracks of landfalling closed lows revealed preferential tracks as the features move inland over the western United States. Correlations of seasonal event totals for closed lows with ENSO indices, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern suggested an above-average number of events during the warm phase of ENSO and positive PDO and PNA phases. Precipitation at 30 U.S. Cooperative Observer stations was attributed to closed-low events, suggesting 20%–60% of annual precipitation along the West Coast may be associated with closed lows.

scholarly journals Influence of Subfacet Heterogeneity and Material Properties on the Urban Surface Energy Budget

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 2114-2129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prathap Ramamurthy ◽  
Elie Bou-Zeid ◽  
James A. Smith ◽  
Zhihua Wang ◽  
Mary L. Baeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Role Reversal ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Urban Surface ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Sensible Heat

AbstractUrban facets—the walls, roofs, and ground in built-up terrain—are often conceptualized as homogeneous surfaces, despite the obvious variability in the composition and material properties of the urban fabric at the subfacet scale. This study focuses on understanding the influence of this subfacet heterogeneity, and the associated influence of different material properties, on the urban surface energy budget. The Princeton Urban Canopy Model, which was developed with the ability to capture subfacet variability, is evaluated at sites of various building densities and then applied to simulate the energy exchanges of each subfacet with the atmosphere over a densely built site. The analyses show that, although all impervious built surfaces convert most of the incoming energy into sensible heat rather than latent heat, sensible heat fluxes from asphalt pavements and dark rooftops are 2 times as high as those from concrete surfaces and light-colored roofs. Another important characteristic of urban areas—the shift in the peak time of sensible heat flux in comparison with rural areas—is here shown to be mainly linked to concrete’s high heat storage capacity as well as to radiative trapping in the urban canyon. The results also illustrate that the vegetated pervious soil surfaces that dot the urban landscape play a dual role: during wet periods they redistribute much of the available energy into evaporative fluxes but when moisture stressed they behave more like an impervious surface. This role reversal, along with the direct evaporation of water stored over impervious surfaces, significantly reduces the overall Bowen ratio of the urban site after rain events.

scholarly journals Measuring the impact of a new snow model using surface energy budget process relationships

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Day ◽  
Gabriele Arduini ◽  
Irina Sandu ◽  
Linus Magnusson ◽  
Anton Beljaars ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Budget Process ◽  
Snow Model ◽  
The Impact
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