Radiative forcing and climate response due to the presence of black carbon in cloud droplets

2013 ◽  
Vol 118 (9) ◽  
pp. 3662-3675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhili Wang ◽  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Jiangnan Li ◽  
Xianwen Jing ◽  
Peng Lu
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Cloud Droplets

Radiative forcing and climate response due to black carbon in snow and ice

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1336-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhili Wang ◽  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Xueshun Shen
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Snow And Ice

scholarly journals A Standardized Global Climate Model Study Showing Unique Properties for the Climate Response to Black Carbon Aerosols

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 2512-2526 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sand ◽  
T. Iversen ◽  
P. Bohlinger ◽  
A. Kirkevåg ◽  
I. Seierstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Kernel Method ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Air Concentration ◽  
Surface Warming ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The climate response to an abrupt increase of black carbon (BC) aerosols is compared to the standard CMIP5 experiment of quadrupling CO2 concentrations in air. The global climate model NorESM with interactive aerosols is used. One experiment employs prescribed BC emissions with calculated concentrations coupled to atmospheric processes (emission-driven) while a second prescribes BC concentrations in air (concentration-driven) from a precalculation with the same model and emissions, but where the calculated BC does not force the climate dynamics. The difference quantifies effects of feedbacks between airborne BC and other climate processes. BC emissions are multiplied with 25, yielding an instantaneous top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative forcing (RF) comparable to the quadrupling of atmospheric CO2. A radiative kernel method is applied to estimate the different feedbacks. In both BC runs, BC leads to a much smaller surface warming than CO2. Rapid atmospheric feedbacks reduce the BC-induced TOA forcing by approximately 75% over the first year (10% for CO2). For BC, equilibrium is quickly re-established, whereas for CO2 equilibration requires a much longer time than 150 years. Emission-driven BC responses in the atmosphere are much larger than the concentration-driven. The northward displacement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in the BC emission-driven experiment enhances both the vertical transport and deposition of BC from Southeast Asia. The study shows that prescribing BC concentrations may lead to seriously inaccurate conclusions, but other models with less efficient transport may produce results with smaller differences.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of the Climate Response to the Altitude of Black Carbon in the Northern Subtropics in an Aquaplanet GCM

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (16) ◽  
pp. 6351-6359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanjun Kim ◽  
Sarah M. Kang ◽  
Yen-Ting Hwang ◽  
Young-Min Yang
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Cloud Amount ◽  
Hadley Cell ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Cloud Radiative Forcing ◽  
Low Cloud

Abstract This study explores the dependence of the climate response on the altitude of black carbon in the northern subtropics by employing an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to an aquaplanet mixed layer ocean, with a focus on the pattern changes in the temperature, hydrological cycle, and large-scale circulation. Black carbon added below or within the subtropical low-level clouds tends to suppress convection, which reduces the low cloud amount, resulting in a positive cloud radiative forcing. The warmer northern subtropics then induce a northward shift of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and a poleward expansion of the descending branch of the northern Hadley cell. As the black carbon–induced local warming is amplified by clouds and is advected by the anomalous Hadley circulation, the entire globe gets warmer. In contrast, black carbon added near the surface increases the buoyancy of air parcels to enhance convection, leading to an increase in the subtropical low cloud amount and a negative cloud radiative forcing. The temperature increase remains local to where black carbon is added and elsewhere decreases, so that the ITCZ is shifted southward and the descending branch of the northern Hadley cell contracts equatorward. Consistent with previous studies, the authors demonstrate that the climate response to black carbon is highly sensitive to the vertical distribution of black carbon relative to clouds; hence, models have to accurately compute the vertical transport of black carbon to enhance their skill in simulating the climatic effects of black carbon.

scholarly journals Linearity of Climate Response to Increases in Black Carbon Aerosols

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 8223-8237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salil Mahajan ◽  
Katherine J. Evans ◽  
James J. Hack ◽  
John E. Truesdale
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Global Average ◽  
High Level ◽  
Carbon Aerosols ◽  
Black Carbon Aerosols

Abstract The impacts of absorbing aerosols on global climate are not completely understood. This paper presents the results of idealized experiments conducted with the Community Atmosphere Model, version 4 (CAM4), coupled to a slab ocean model (CAM4–SOM) to simulate the climate response to increases in tropospheric black carbon aerosols (BC) by direct and semidirect effects. CAM4-SOM was forced with 0, 1×, 2×, 5×, and 10× an estimate of the present day concentration of BC while maintaining the estimated present day global spatial and vertical distribution. The top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative forcing of BC in these experiments is positive (warming) and increases linearly as the BC burden increases. The total semidirect effect for the 1 × BC experiment is positive but becomes increasingly negative for higher BC concentrations. The global-average surface temperature response is found to be a linear function of the TOA radiative forcing. The climate sensitivity to BC from these experiments is estimated to be 0.42 K W−1 m2 when the semidirect effects are accounted for and 0.22 K W−1 m2 with only the direct effects considered. Global-average precipitation decreases linearly as BC increases, with a precipitation sensitivity to atmospheric absorption of 0.4% W−1 m2. The hemispheric asymmetry of BC also causes an increase in southward cross-equatorial heat transport and a resulting northward shift of the intertropical convergence zone in the simulations at a rate of 4° PW−1. Global-average mid- and high-level clouds decrease, whereas the low-level clouds increase linearly with BC. The increase in marine stratocumulus cloud fraction over the southern tropical Atlantic is caused by increased BC-induced diabatic heating of the free troposphere.

Estimation of radiative forcing and heating rate based on vertical observation of black carbon in Nanjing, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 756 ◽  
pp. 144135
Author(s):  
Shuangshuang Shi ◽  
Bin Zhu ◽  
Wen Lu ◽  
Shuqi Yan ◽  
Chenwei Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Radiative Forcing

Aerosol radiative forcing due to enhanced black carbon at an urban site in India

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (18) ◽  
pp. 27-1-27-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Suresh Babu ◽  
S. K. Satheesh ◽  
K. Krishna Moorthy
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Aerosol Radiative Forcing ◽  
Aerosol Radiative

Why does the climate response to greenhouse warming and greenhouse cooling differ? 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Kay ◽  
Jason Chalmers
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Greenhouse Warming ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Cloud Feedbacks ◽  
Surface Climate ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Radiative Feedbacks

<p>While the long-standing quest to constrain equilibrium climate sensitivity has resulted in intense scrutiny of the processes controlling idealized greenhouse warming, the processes controlling idealized greenhouse cooling have received less attention. Here, differences in the climate response to increased and decreased carbon dioxide concentrations are assessed in state-of-the-art fully coupled climate model experiments. One hundred and fifty years after an imposed instantaneous forcing change, surface global warming from a carbon dioxide doubling (abrupt-2xCO2, 2.43 K) is larger than the surface global cooling from a carbon dioxide halving (abrupt-0p5xCO2, 1.97 K). Both forcing and feedback differences explain these climate response differences. Multiple approaches show the radiative forcing for a carbon dioxide doubling is ~10% larger than for a carbon dioxide halving. In addition, radiative feedbacks are less negative in the doubling experiments than in the halving experiments. Specifically, less negative tropical shortwave cloud feedbacks and more positive subtropical cloud feedbacks lead to more greenhouse 2xCO2 warming than 0.5xCO2 greenhouse cooling. Motivated to directly isolate the influence of cloud feedbacks on these experiments, additional abrupt-2xCO2 and abrupt-0p5xCO2 experiments with disabled cloud-climate feedbacks were run. Comparison of these “cloud-locked” simulations with the original “cloud active” simulations shows cloud feedbacks help explain the nonlinear global surface temperature response to greenhouse warming and greenhouse cooling. Overall, these results demonstrate that both radiative forcing and radiative feedbacks are needed to explain differences in the surface climate response to increased and decreased carbon dioxide concentrations.</p>

Large ensemble assessment of how the global surface warming response to cumulative carbon differs for negative and positive carbon emissions  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negar Vakilifard ◽  
Katherine Turner ◽  
Ric Williams ◽  
Philip Holden ◽  
Neil Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Ocean Heat Uptake ◽  
Transient Climate Response ◽  
Surface Warming ◽  
Radiative Processes ◽  
Negative Emission

<p>The controls of the effective transient climate response (TCRE), defined in terms of the dependence of surface warming since the pre-industrial to the cumulative carbon emission, is explained in terms of climate model experiments for a scenario including positive emissions and then negative emission over a period of 400 years. We employ a pre-calibrated ensemble of GENIE, grid-enabled integrated Earth system model, consisting of 86 members to determine the process of controlling TCRE in both CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and drawdown phases. Our results are based on the GENIE simulations with historical forcing from AD 850 including land use change, and the future forcing defined by CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and a non-CO<sub>2</sub> radiative forcing timeseries. We present the results for the point-source carbon capture and storage (CCS) scenario as a negative emission scenario, following the medium representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5), assuming that the rate of emission drawdown is 2 PgC/yr CO<sub>2</sub> for the duration of 100 years. The climate response differs between the periods of positive and negative carbon emissions with a greater ensemble spread during the negative carbon emissions. The controls of the spread in ensemble responses are explained in terms of a combination of thermal processes (involving ocean heat uptake and physical climate feedback), radiative processes (saturation in radiative forcing from CO<sub>2</sub> and non-CO<sub>2</sub> contributions) and carbon dependences (involving terrestrial and ocean carbon uptake).  </p>

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