Identification of novel nonedible oil seeds via scanning electron microscopy for biodiesel production

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
Sumreen Dawood ◽  
Mushtaq Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Zafar ◽  
Muhammad I. Ali ◽  
Khalid Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oil Seeds ◽  
Scanning Electron

scholarly journals PREPARASI KATALIS ABU KULIT KERANG UNTUK TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK NYAMPLUNG MENJADI BIODIESEL (Preparation of Cockle Shell Powder Catalyst for Transesterificationof Calophyllumi inophyllum L. Oil to Biodiesel)

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (01) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuhra Zuhra ◽  
Husni Husin ◽  
Fikri Hasfita ◽  
Wahyu Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Calophyllum Inophyllum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cockle Shell ◽  
Scanning Electron

Biodiesel, as a potential substituted energy, has attracted a great attention in recent years, which can be produced from o3 renewable sources and provides complete combustion with less gaseous pollutant emission. Biodiesel is produced conventionally via transesterification of vegetable oils using homogeneous catalysts, e.g. KOH, NaOH, and HaSO4. The homogeneous catalytic process, however, provides some disadvantages, such as, a huge production of wastewater from washing process of catalyst residues and non-reusability of the catalysts. In order to circumvent most of the economical and environmental drawbacks of homogeneous process, heterogeneous catalysts, this can be easily separated from reaction mixture by filtration. These catalysts are less corrosive and more environment-friendly. The objective of this work was to develop the effectivity of using waste of cockle (Clinocardium nuttalli) shell as a heterogeneous base catalyst for the biodiesel production. The catalysts were prepared by simple calcination methods, at temperaturesof 600, 700, 900 oC, and without calcination. Calcined catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique. Transesterification process of Calophyllum inophyllum L.oil and o methanol were carried out under bath reactor over the cockle shellcatalysts to produce biodiesel. The XRD patterns depicted that CaCO3 was successfully converted into CaO. SEM recorded demonstrates that the particle catalyst become smaller after heating. The highest activity was found at calcined catalyst of 900 oC, with the yield of biodiesel reaching 87.4% during 3 hours. The solid catalyst from waste cockle shell was proven to be durable for the transesterification of edible oil.Keywords: Cockle shell, biodiesel, heterogeneouscatalyst, Calophyllum inophyllum L. oil, transesterification ABSTRAKBiodiesel, sebagai sumber energi potensial telah menarik perhatian dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, karena dapat diproduksi dari sumber terbaharukan dan menghasilkan polutan yang rendah. Secara konvensional, biodiesel diproduksi melalui transesterifikasi minyak nabati menggunakan katalis homogen, yaitu: KOH, NaOH, dan H2SO4. Proses katalitik homogen memiliki beberapa kekurangan, seperti: banyak mengeluarkan air buangan dari pencucian residu katalis dan tidak dapat digunakan kembali. Untuk mengatasi kekurangan penggunaan katalis homogen baik secara ekonomi maupun lingkungan ditempuh dengan mengembangkan katalis heterogen atau katalis padat, yang dapat dengan mudah dipisahkan dari campuran reaksi secara filtrasi. Katalis ini juga rendah korosi dan lebih ramah lingkungan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan abu kulit kerang yang mengandung CaO (kalsium oksida) sebagai katalis heterogen terhadap rendemen biodiesel. Bahan baku untuk pembuatan biodiesel adalah minyak nyamplung. Katalis disiapkan dengan metode kalsinasi sederhana pada temperatur: 600, 700, 900 oC, dan tanpa kalsinasi. Setelah kalsinasi, katalis dikarakterisasi denganmetode X-ray Diffraction (XRD) dan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Reaksi transesterifikasi minyak nyamplung dengan metanol dilangsungkan di dalam reaktor berpengadukmenggunakan katalis padat dari kulit kerang. Dari pola XRD mengindikasikan bahwa CaCO3 terkonversi dari kulit kerang sempurna menjadi CaO ketika kulit kerang dikalsinasi pada suhu 900 oC. Hasil rekaman SEM diperoleh ukuran partikel katalis setelah dipijar menjadi kecil. Aktivitas katalis tertinggi diperoleh pada penggunaan abu kulit kerang yang dikalsinasi pada suhu 900 oC. Rendemenmetil ester tertinggi mencapai 87,4% setelah 3 jam reaksi. Katalis abu kulit kerang telah terbukti dapat digunakan untuk reaksi transesterifikasi minyak nabati menjadi biodiesel.Kata kunci: Kulit kerang, biodiesel, katalis heterogen, kalsium oksida, minyak nyamplung, transesterikasi

Scanning electron microscopy leads to identification of novel nonedible oil seeds as energy crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 1165-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamoona Munir ◽  
Mushtaq Ahmad ◽  
Amir Waseem ◽  
Muhammad Zafar ◽  
Muhammad Saeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Oil Seeds ◽  
Scanning Electron

Preparation of Activated Carbon-Based Catalyst from Candlenut Shell Impregnated with KOH for Biodiesel Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 777 ◽  
pp. 262-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taslim ◽  
Octa Bani ◽  
Iriany ◽  
Novi Aryani ◽  
Gapenda Sari Kaban
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Impregnation Time ◽  
Scanning Electron

Candlenut shell is an agricultural waste which can be processed into low-cost active carbon. Activated carbon cannot be used directly as a heterogeneous catalyst in transesterification of biodiesel because of its low alkalinity, thus treatment is required. In this study, the carbonization of candlenut shells was conducted at 500°C for 4 h. The activated carbon obtained was modified by impregnation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. KOH concentration used was 50g/150 ml aqua des and impregnation time was 24 h. The impregnated activated carbon was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy - energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and was further tested as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production.

Pathogenesis of Human Hair Defects

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
P.S. Porter ◽  
T. Aoyagi ◽  
R. Matta
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Human Hair ◽  
Standard Techniques ◽  
Scanning Electron

Using standard techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), over 1000 human hair defects have been studied. In several of the defects, the pathogenesis of the abnormality has been clarified using these techniques. It is the purpose of this paper to present several distinct morphologic abnormalities of hair and to discuss their pathogenesis as elucidated through techniques of scanning electron microscopy.

Ultrastructural Analysis of the Salivary Glands of Gromphadorhina Portentosa (Schaum)

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
P.J. Dailey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Secretory Vesicles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
Gromphadorhina Portentosa ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Topographical Relief

The structure of insect salivary glands has been extensively investigated during the past decade; however, none have attempted scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in ultrastructural examinations of these secretory organs. This study correlates fine structure by means of SEM cryofractography with that of thin-sectioned epoxy embedded material observed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Salivary glands of Gromphadorhina portentosa were excised and immediately submerged in cold (4°C) paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative1 for 2 hr, washed and post-fixed in 1 per cent 0s04 in phosphosphate buffer (4°C for 2 hr). After ethanolic dehydration half of the samples were embedded in Epon 812 for TEM and half cryofractured and subsequently critical point dried for SEM. Dried specimens were mounted on aluminum stubs and coated with approximately 150 Å of gold in a cold sputtering apparatus.Figure 1 shows a cryofractured plane through a salivary acinus revealing topographical relief of secretory vesicles.

Two- or three-way observations of the identical cell elements within the same sections by LM, TEM and/or SEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakazo Watari ◽  
Yasuaki Hotta ◽  
Yoshio Mabuchi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Identical Cell ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron

It is very useful if we can observe the identical cell elements within the same sections by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and/or scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sequentially, because, the cell fine structure can not be indicated by LM, while the color is; on the other hand, the cell fine structure can be very easily observed by EM, although its color properties may not. However, there is one problem in that LM requires thick sections of over 1 μm, while EM needs very thin sections of under 100 nm. Recently, we have developed a new method to observe the same cell elements within the same plastic sections using both light and transmission (conventional or high-voltage) electron microscopes.In this paper, we have developed two new observation methods for the identical cell elements within the same sections, both plastic-embedded and paraffin-embedded, using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and/or scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 1).

Spontaneous Cataract in Nude Athymic Mice

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 512-513
Author(s):  
Ronald H. Bradley ◽  
R. S. Berk ◽  
L. D. Hazlett
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Nude Mouse ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Athymic Mice ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Mouse Lens ◽  
Scanning Electron

The nude mouse is a hairless mutant (homozygous for the mutation nude, nu/nu), which is born lacking a thymus and possesses a severe defect in cellular immunity. Spontaneous unilateral cataractous lesions were noted (during ocular examination using a stereomicroscope at 40X) in 14 of a series of 60 animals (20%). This transmission and scanning microscopic study characterizes the morphology of this cataract and contrasts these data with normal nude mouse lens.All animals were sacrificed by an ether overdose. Eyes were enucleated and immersed in a mixed fixative (1% osmium tetroxide and 6% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 0-4°C) for 3 hours, dehydrated in graded ethanols and embedded in Epon-Araldite for transmission microscopy. Specimens for scanning electron microscopy were fixed similarly, dehydrated in graded ethanols, then to graded changes of Freon 113 and ethanol to 100% Freon 113 and critically point dried in a Bomar critical point dryer using Freon 13 as the transition fluid.

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