Covert verbal mediation in arbitrary matching to sample

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl T. Sundberg ◽  
Mark L. Sundberg ◽  
Jack Michael
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Verbal Mediation ◽  
Arbitrary Matching

scholarly journals Assessing Symmetry by Comparing the Acquisition of Symmetric and Nonsymmetric Conditional Relations in a Capuchin Monkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo S. D. Soares Filho ◽  
Álvaro J. M. Silva ◽  
Saulo M Velasco ◽  
Romariz S Barros ◽  
Gerson Yukio Tomanari
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Equivalence Class ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Capuchin Monkey ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Conditional Discriminations ◽  
Symmetry Phase ◽  
Conditional Relations ◽  
Equivalence Class Formation ◽  
Arbitrary Matching

The present study presents a procedure to assess the property of symmetry by comparing the acquisition of conditional relations that are consistent and inconsistent with this property in a capuchin monkey (Sapajus spp.). One young male monkey underwent arbitrary matching-to-sample training. The experiment had four phases: Phase 1.1 (establishing A1B1 and A2B2 relations), Phase 1.2 (reinforcing B1A1 and B2A2 relations, consistent with the property of symmetry), Phase 2.1 (establishing A3B3 and A4B4 relations), and Phase 2.2 (reinforcing B3A4 and B4A3 relations, inconsistent with the property of symmetry). A comparison between Phase 1.2 (consistent) and Phase 2.2 (inconsistent) showed faster acquisition of consistent relations (B1A1 and B2A2) than inconsistent relations (B3A4 and B4A3). The results suggest that the established conditional discriminations may have the property of symmetry and confirm the potential of comparative analysis between the acquisition of conditional discriminations as a promising procedure to evaluate equivalence class formation in nonhuman subjects.

Performance by Older Adults on Identity and Arbitrary Matching-to-Sample Tasks

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Steinunn Steingrimsdottir ◽  
Erik Arntzen
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Arbitrary Matching

scholarly journals Emergence of reflexivity relation without identity matching-to-sample training in hooded crows (Corvus cornix)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Samuleeva ◽  
Anna Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Equivalence Relations ◽  
Symmetry Relation ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Symmetry Test ◽  
Corvus Cornix ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Hooded Crows ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Arbitrary Matching

The ability to form equivalent relations between sign and referent—symbolization—is one of the important cognitive components of language. Equivalent relations have the properties of symmetry (if A→B then B→A), reflexivity (A→A, B→B), and transitivity (if A→B and B→C, then A→C). The current study evaluates whether reflexivity can be spontaneously revealed in hooded crows (Corvus cornix) without training after the formation of the symmetry relation. These birds were previously taught an arbitrary matching-to-sample task with the letters “S” and “V” as samples, and sets of images (same-sized and different-sized figures) as comparisons. Positive results in the transfer tests showed that the crows associated letters with the concepts of sameness/difference. After that, they successfully passed the symmetry test, in which samples and comparisons were switched around. In the present experiment we found out that the crows passed the reflexivity test (A→A, B→B) without identity training. We hypothesize that if the subject associates the sample not with certain stimuli but rather with concepts, it facilitates the formation of equivalence relations between them.

Symmetry of Control by Exclusion in Humans' Arbitrary Matching to Sample

1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 915-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Stromer
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Visual Comparison ◽  
Arbitrary Matching ◽  
Preference Tests

Normally capable children and adults were taught arbitrary matching of visual sample stimuli and nonidentical visual comparison stimuli: if Sample A1, selecting comparison B1 was reinforced; if A2, selecting B2 was reinforced. Unreinforced tests included (1) those that assessed preferences between novel comparisons when samples were also novel and (2) those that assessed selections of the least-preferred novel comparisons when the alternate comparisons were familiar B or A stimuli. Subjects during the latter tests tended to select the novel comparisons and not the B or A stimuli; these performances supported an inference of control by exclusion. The finding that subjects excluded the A stimuli when they were displayed as comparisons is contrary to previous research and suggests that control by exclusion was symmetrical under these conditions. Preference tests given after exclusion testing suggested that four of six subjects learned new arbitrary matching performances, their selections of the novel comparisons persisted when the basis of exclusion (B or A stimuli) was removed.

Influence of Identity versus Oddity Pretraining on Symmetric Matching to Sample

2009 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 861-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrie Boelens ◽  
Jacqueline Schenk
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Equivalence ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Reinforcement Contingency ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Identity Group ◽  
Identity Matching ◽  
Arbitrary Matching

Identity and oddity matching tasks were designed for different groups of 5-yr.-old children. The presentation of tasks continued until all children had shown evidence of appropriate generalization to new stimuli (i.e., generalized identity matching or generalized oddity from sample). All children then received training on an arbitrary matching-to-sample task. Finally, tests of reflexivity and symmetry in responding were carried out in three consecutive sessions. The children in the Identity group showed reflexivity and symmetry in responses on all three tests; the children in the Oddity group showed oddity in responses on all tests, and a gradual increase in symmetry of responses across tests. These results provide evidence against special versions of multiple-exemplar and reinforcement contingency accounts of stimulus equivalence. Versions of the accounts to explain the findings are discussed.

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