From ion exchange resins to polymer-supported reagents: an evolution of critical variables

2017 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spiro D Alexandratos
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Polymer Supported ◽  
Exchange Resins

Ion-exchange Resins and Polypeptide Supported Catalysts: A Critical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinkar Biswas ◽  
Sujit Ghosh ◽  
Basudeb Basu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Supported Catalysts ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Organic Transformations ◽  
Heterogeneous Polymer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Polystyrene Resin ◽  
Polymer Supported ◽  
Exchange Resins

Heterogeneous catalysis represents one of the important areas in the field of organic synthesis. Major developments have been emerged during last few decades and polymer-supported catalysts have been employed successfully in various catalytic organic transformations. Ion-exchange resins and polypeptides are two important examples of such heterogeneous polymer-supported catalysts among others because of their easy accessibility, stability, recoverability and reusability. Cross-linked ion-exchange resins and polypeptides are highly insoluble, which make them better choice in terms of their easy separation from the reaction mixture and subsequent recyclability. The present review article provides an overview of different types of ion exchange resins as polymer-supported catalysts such as amberlite resin, polystyrene resin, polyionic gel-based systems, ion-exchange resins and prolineimmobilized species, PEG-bound poly (amino acid), amino acid anchored with Merrifild resin, amphiphilic block polypeptides etc. Their preparation, characterizations and catalytic applications in diverse organic transformations have been presented with critical analysis on their stability, mechanistic overview and suitability etc.

Embedding Procedure for Water Swollen Samples

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 504-505
Author(s):  
Ann M. Thomas ◽  
Virginia Shemeley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Exchange Resins

Those samples which swell rapidly when exposed to water are, at best, difficult to section for transmission electron microscopy. Some materials literally burst out of the embedding block with the first pass by the knife, and even the most rapid cutting cycle produces sections of limited value. Many ion exchange resins swell in water; some undergo irreversible structural changes when dried. We developed our embedding procedure to handle this type of sample, but it should be applicable to many materials that present similar sectioning difficulties.The purpose of our embedding procedure is to build up a cross-linking network throughout the sample, while it is in a water swollen state. Our procedure was suggested to us by the work of Rosenberg, where he mentioned the formation of a tridimensional structure by the polymerization of the GMA biproduct, triglycol dimethacrylate.

Applications of Ion Exchange Resin in Oral Drug Delivery Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathpalia Harsha ◽  
Das Sukanya
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Oral Drug Delivery ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Oral Drug ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Exchange Resins ◽  
Oral Drug Delivery Systems

Ion Exchange Resins (IER) are insoluble polymers having styrene divinylbenzene copolymer backbone that contain acidic or basic functional groups and have the ability to exchange counter ions with the surrounding aqueous solutions. From the past many years they have been widely used for purification and softening of water and in chromatographic columns, however recently their use in pharmaceutical industry has gained considerable importance. Due to the physical stability and inert nature of the resins, they can be used as a versatile vehicle to design several modified release dosage forms The ionizable drug is complexed with the resin owing to the property of ion exchange. This resin complex dissociatesin vivo to release the drug. Based on the dissociation strength of the drug from the drug resin complex, various release patterns can be achieved. Many formulation glitches can be circumvented using ion exchange resins such as bitter taste and deliquescence. These resins also aid in enhancing disintegrationand stability of formulation. This review focuses on different types of ion exchange resins, their preparation methods, chemistry, properties, incompatibilities and their application in various oral drug delivery systems as well as highlighting their use as therapeutic agents.

THE DISPOSAL OF USED ION EXCHANGE RESINS

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455
Author(s):  
Viky Dicu ◽  
Carmen Iesan ◽  
Mihai Chirica ◽  
Satish Bapat
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Exchange Resins

FTIR ANALYSIS OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS WITH APPLICATION IN PERMANENT HARD WATER SOFTENING

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2145-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Lazar ◽  
Laura Bulgariu ◽  
Bogdan Bandrabur ◽  
Ramona-Elena Tataru-Farmus ◽  
Mioara Drobota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Exchange Resins

Innovative and sustainable concept of regeneration of decolorization ion exchange resins

2012 ◽  
pp. 381-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Theoleyre ◽  
Anne Gonin ◽  
Dominique Paillat
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Nanofiltration Membranes ◽  
Industrial Efficiency ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Multiple Effect ◽  
Exchange Resins

Regeneration of resins used for decolorization of sugar solutions is done with concentrated salt solutions. Nanofiltration membranes have been proven effective, in terms of industrial efficiency in decreasing salt consumption. More than 90% of the salt that is necessary for regeneration can be recycled through a combination of direct recycling of intermediate eluates, the separation of colored compounds by use of very selective nanofiltration membranes and a multiple-effect evaporation of salty permeates. The desalted color compound solution is sent to the molasses, limiting considerably the effluent to be treated. Starting from a liquor of 800 IU, the water requirement is limited to less than 100 L/t of sugar and the amount of wastewater can be reduced to less than 40 L/t of sugar.

Innovative concepts of regeneration of decolorization ion exchange resins in sugar refineries

2016 ◽  
pp. 377-380
Author(s):  
Marc André Théoleyre ◽  
Anne Gonin ◽  
Dominique Paillat
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Nanofiltration Membranes ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Multiple Effect ◽  
Exchange Resins

Regeneration of resins used for decolorization of sugar solutions is done with concentrated salt solutions. Nanofiltration membranes have been proven effective, in terms of industrial efficiency in decreasing salt consumption. More than 90% of the salt that is necessary for regeneration can be recycled through a combination of direct recycling of intermediate eluates, the separation of colored compounds by use of very selective nanofiltration membranes and a system to concentrate salty permeates. According to specific local conditions on energy supply and cost, the concentration of salty permeates can be either a multiple effect evaporator or a combination of electrodialysis and reverse osmosis. The desalted color compound solution is sent to the molasses, limiting considerably the effluent to be treated. Starting from a liquor of 800 IU, the water requirement is limited to less than 100 L/t of sugar and the amount of wastewater can be reduced to less than 40 L/t of sugar.

O-O bond activation with cobalt(II)-ethylenediamine complexes in ion-exchange resins

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1780-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atanas Andreev ◽  
Lachezar Prahov ◽  
Dimitar Shopov
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Bond Activation ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Decomposition Reaction ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition ◽  
Surface Complexes ◽  
Peroxide Decomposition ◽  
Epr Parameters ◽  
Exchange Resins

The formation of Oxygen paramagnetic adducts of Co(II) containing ion-exchange resins in the presence of adsorbed ethylenediamine has been found. The EPR parameters of a complex of the type Co(III) (en)2O-2 and of O-2 species formed in the presence of Co(en)2+3 have been described. The catalytic properties of Co-ethylenediamine surface complexes with respect to the hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction have been investigated and a probable mechanism has been suggested.

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