The influence of COD, hydraulic, temperature and pH shocks on the stability of an unheated fluidised bed reactor

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Bull ◽  
Robert M. Sterritt ◽  
John N. Lester
Keyword(s):  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Fluidised Bed Reactor

The TiRO™ Process for the Continuous Direct Production of Titanium Powder

2013 ◽  
Vol 551 ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Doblin ◽  
David Freeman ◽  
Matthew Richards
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Vacuum Distillation ◽  
Titanium Powder ◽  
Porous Titanium ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Direct Production ◽  
Ti Powder ◽  
Continuous Vacuum ◽  
Fluidised Bed Reactor ◽  
Two Stages

The CSIRO is developing the TIRO™ process for the continuous direct production of titanium powder. The process comprises two stages. The first stage is a fluidised bed reactor (FBR) in which TiCl4 is reacted with magnesium powder to form solid magnesium chloride particles about 350 µm in diameter in which micron sized titanium particles are dispersed. The second stage is a continuous vacuum distillation operation where the titanium is separated from the magnesium chloride and sintered to form a friable “biscuit”. The biscuit comprises porous titanium spheres about 250 µm in diameter which can be liberated by very light grinding. The overall process has a throughput of 0.2 kg/h Ti, limited by the vacuum distillation unit and is being scaled up. The process has generated Ti powder with ≤0.25 wt% O and < 200 ppm Cl and meets CP2 specifications. Ring grinding the vacuum distilled product for short periods reduced the particle size, however longer grinding times caused agglomeration of the particles. Ring grinding in air resulted in a large increase in oxygen concentration

Biofilm development in down flow anaerobic fluidised bed reactors under transient conditions

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 253-256
Author(s):  
F. Tessele ◽  
G. Englert ◽  
L.O. Monteggia
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Initial Adhesion ◽  
Scale Down ◽  
Synthetic Solution ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Fluidised Bed Reactor ◽  
Biofilm Structure ◽  
Scanning Electron

Biofilm development onto polypropylene particles (&lt;4 mm) was studied in a laboratory-scale down flow anaerobic fluidised bed reactor. The reactor was fed with a synthetic solution containing sucrose and nutrients, and operated at 35°C during 65 days at 44% bed expansion rate and 36 h HRT. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) monitored the biofilm development. Initial adhesion occurred within the first 6 hours and after day 44 biofilm structure was complete. The presence of attached cells morphologically similar to Methanotrix bacilli and Methanosarcina sp. was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The biofilm and the carrier surface roughness were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and yielded 9.1 and 75 nm respectively. Results also showed good correlation between the SEM characterisation and the conventional anaerobic reactor parameters.

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