Drug-metabolism mechanism: Knowledge-based population pharmacokinetic approach for characterizing clobazam drug-drug interactions

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwain Tolbert ◽  
Ihor Bekersky ◽  
Hui-May Chu ◽  
Ene I. Ette
Keyword(s):  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Approach

scholarly journals Hierarchy of evidence in interpretation of clinical significance of drug interactions

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Bozana Nikolic ◽  
Miroslav Savic
Keyword(s):  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Molecular Entity ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽  
Potential Interactions

Introduction. Since drug interactions may result in serious adverse effects or failure of therapy, it is of huge importance that health professionals base their decisions about drug prescription, dispensing and administration on reliable research evidence, taking into account the hierarchy of data sources for evaluation. Clinical Significance of Potential Interactions - Information Sources. The sources of data regarding drug interactions are numerous, beginning with various drug reference books. However, they are far from uniformity in the way of choosing and presenting putative clinically relevant interactions. Clinical Significance of Potential Interactions - Interpretation of Information. The difficulties in interpretation of drug interactions are illustrated through the analysis of a published example involving assessment made by two different groups of health professionals. Systematic Evaluation of Drug-Drug Interaction. The potential for interactions is mainly investigated before marketing a drug. Generally, the in vitro, followed by in vivo studies are to be performed. The major metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of a new molecular entity, as well as the potential of induction of human enzymes involved in drug metabolism are to be examined. In the field of interaction research it is possible to make use of the population pharmacokinetic studies as well as of the pharmacodynamic assessment, and also the postregistration monitoring of the reported adverse reactions and other literature data. Conclusion. In vitro and in vivo drug metabolism and transport studies should be conducted to elucidate the mechanisms and potential for drug-drug interactions. The assessment of their clinical significance should be based on well-defined and validated exposure-response data.

Biology of Heme: Drug Interactions and Adverse Drug Reactions with CYP450

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 2042-2055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj Kumar ◽  
Heerak Chugh ◽  
Damini Sood ◽  
Snigdha Singh ◽  
Aarushi Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Genetic Defects ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Detailed Structure ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Porphyrin Rings

Heme is central to functions of many biologically important enzymes (hemoproteins). It is an assembly of four porphyrin rings joined through methylene bridges with a central Fe (II). Heme is present in all cells, and its synthesis and degradation balance its amount in the cell. The deregulations of heme networks and incorporation in hemoproteins lead to pathogenic state. This article addresses the detailed structure, biosynthesis, degradation, and transportation associated afflictions to heme. The article is followed by its roles in various diseased conditions where it is produced mainly as the cause of increased hemolysis. It manifests the symptoms in diseases as it is a pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory and pro-hemolytic agent. We have also discussed the genetic defects that tampered with the biosynthesis, degradation, and transportation of heme. In addition, a brief about the largest hemoprotein group of enzymes- Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) has been discussed with its roles in drug metabolism.

Food and drugs

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kornelija Djakovic-Svajcer
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Drug Bioavailability

Food can exert a significant influence on the effects of certain drugs. The interactions between food and drugs can be pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. Pharmacokinetic interactions most often take place on absorption and drug metabolism levels. Absorption can be either accelerated or delayed, increased or decreased, while drug metabolism can be either stimulated or inhibited. The factors which influence food-drug interactions are as follows: composition and physic-chemical properties of drugs, the interval between a meal and drug intake and food composition. Food consistency is of lesser influence on drug bioavailability than food composition (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, cereals). Important interactions can occur during application of drugs with low therapeutic index, whereby the plasma level significantly varies due to changes in resorption or metabolism (e.g. digoxin, theophyllin, cyclosporin) and drugs such as antibiotics, whose proper therapeutic effect requires precise plasma concentrations.

Drugs and prescribing in the older patient

2020 ◽  
pp. 571-578
Author(s):  
Miles Witham ◽  
Jacob George ◽  
Denis O’Mahony
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Older People ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Limited Life Expectancy ◽  
Limited Life ◽  
Great Harm

The use of pharmacological agents is often a central component of medical therapy for older people. Medications can relieve symptoms, improve function, and prevent illness, but they also have the capacity to inflict great harm. Older people are at particular risk of such harms as a result of impaired homeostatic reserve, of altered drug metabolism, the presence of multimorbidity and consequent polypharmacy, which increases both exposure to potentially harmful agents and the chance of drug–drug interactions. The therapeutic priorities for older, frail people may differ when compared to younger, robust patients; limited life expectancy means that attempts to prolong life may become relatively less important than the relief of symptoms and avoidance of side effects and medication burden.

The individualization of the infusion rate of intravenous lipid emulsion: A population pharmacokinetic approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. S166-S167
Author(s):  
K. Fukushima ◽  
K. Omura ◽  
S. Goshi ◽  
M. Tanaka ◽  
A. Okada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infusion Rate ◽  
Lipid Emulsion ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Intravenous Lipid Emulsion ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Approach

scholarly journals Investigating pulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of inhaled olodaterol in healthy volunteers using a population pharmacokinetic approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Markus Borghardt ◽  
Benjamin Weber ◽  
Alexander Staab ◽  
Christina Kunz ◽  
Stephan Formella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Approach
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