Impact of different ectopic fat depots on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (12) ◽  
pp. 21630-21641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Ferrara ◽  
Fabrizio Montecucco ◽  
Franco Dallegri ◽  
Federico Carbone
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Ectopic Fat ◽  
Fat Depots

Measurement of Total Adiposity, Regional Fat Depots, and Ectopic Fat

2014 ◽  
pp. 19-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Heymsfield ◽  
Houchun Hu ◽  
ZiMian Wang ◽  
Wei Shen ◽  
Ye Jin
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Fat ◽  
Fat Depots

scholarly journals Distinct infrastructure of lipid networks in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in overweight humans

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 979-990
Author(s):  
Anish Zacharia ◽  
Daniel Saidemberg ◽  
Chanchal Thomas Mannully ◽  
Natalya M Kogan ◽  
Alaa Shehadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

ABSTRACT Background Adipose tissue plays important roles in health and disease. Given the unique association of visceral adipose tissue with obesity-related metabolic diseases, the distribution of lipids between the major fat depots located in subcutaneous and visceral regions may shed new light on adipose tissue–specific roles in systemic metabolic perturbations. Objective We sought to characterize the lipid networks and unveil differences in the metabolic infrastructure of the 2 adipose tissues that may have functional and nutritional implications. Methods Paired visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained from 17 overweight patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Ultra-performance LC-MS was used to measure 18,640 adipose-derived features; 520 were putatively identified. A stem cell model for adipogenesis was used to study the functional implications of the differences found. Results Our analyses resulted in detailed lipid metabolic maps of the 2 major adipose tissues. They point to a higher accumulation of phosphatidylcholines, triacylglycerols, and diacylglycerols, although lower ceramide concentrations, in subcutaneous tissue. The degree of unsaturation was lower in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) phospholipids, indicating lower unsaturated fatty acid incorporation into adipose tissue. The differential abundance of phosphatidylcholines we found can be attributed at least partially to higher expression of phosphatidylethanolamine methyl transferase (PEMT). PEMT-deficient embryonic stem cells showed a dramatic decrease in adipogenesis, and the resulting adipocytes exhibited lower accumulation of lipid droplets, in line with the lower concentrations of glycerolipids in VAT. Ceramides may inhibit the expression of PEMT by increased insulin resistance, thus potentially suggesting a functional pathway that integrates ceramide, PEMT, and glycerolipid biosynthetic pathways. Conclusions Our work unveils differential infrastructure of the lipid networks in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues and suggests an integrative pathway, with a discriminative flux between adipose tissues.

Ectopic fat: the true culprit linking obesity and cardiovascular disease?

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 651-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariangela Morelli ◽  
Melania Gaggini ◽  
Giuseppe Daniele ◽  
Paolo Marraccini ◽  
Rosa Sicari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Ectopic Fat ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Excess Adiposity ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Organ Dysfunctions

SummaryObesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and its complications. However, not all fat depots share the same characteristics. Recent studies have found that ectopic rather than subcutaneous fat accumulation is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. However, ectopic fat accumulation can be seen initially as a protective mechanism against lipotoxicity. Subsequently the adipose tissue becomes dysfunctional, thus inducing systemic metabolic alterations (through release of cytokines) or specific organ dysfunctions. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current available data on the impact of excess adiposity vs ectopic fat in the development of cardiometabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Ectopic fat deposition in populations of black African ancestry: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben M. Reed ◽  
Sarah J. Nevitt ◽  
Graham J. Kemp ◽  
Daniel J. Cuthbertson ◽  
Martin B. Whyte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Ectopic Fat ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Black African ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Ectopic Fat Deposition ◽  
Intrahepatic Lipid

Abstract Aims In populations of black African ancestry (BA), a paradox exists whereby lower visceral adipose tissue is found despite their high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). This systematic review investigates ethnic differences in other ectopic fat depots (intrahepatic lipid: IHL; intramyocellular lipid: IMCL and intrapancreatic lipid; IPL) to help contextualise their potential contribution to T2D risk. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in December 2020 to identify studies reporting at least one ectopic fat comparison between BA and one/more other ethnicity. For IHL, a meta-analysis was carried out with studies considered comparable based on the method of measurement. Results Twenty-eight studies were included (IHL: n = 20; IMCL: n = 8; IPL: n = 4). Meta-analysis of 11 studies investigating IHL revealed that it was lower in BA populations vs pooled ethnic comparators (MD −1.35%, 95% CI −1.55 to −1.16, I2 = 85%, P < 0.00001), white European ancestry (MD −0.94%, 95% CI −1.17 to -0.70, I2 = 79%, P < 0.00001), Hispanic ancestry (MD −2.06%, 95% CI −2.49 to −1.63, I2 = 81%, P < 0.00001) and South Asian ancestry comparators (MD −1.92%, 95% CI −3.26 to −0.57, I2 = 78%, P = 0.005). However, heterogeneity was high in all analyses. Most studies found no significant differences in IMCL between BA and WE. Few studies investigated IPL, however, indicated that IPL is lower in BA compared to WE and HIS. Conclusion The discordance between ectopic fat and greater risk for T2D in BA populations raises questions around its contribution to T2D pathophysiology in BA.

scholarly journals Circulating CRP Levels Are Associated with Epicardial and Visceral Fat Depots in Women with Metabolic Syndrome Criteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 5981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Carbone ◽  
Maria Stefania Lattanzio ◽  
Silvia Minetti ◽  
Anna Maria Ansaldo ◽  
Daniele Ferrara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Epicardial Fat ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
P Value ◽  
Ectopic Fat ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Hs Crp

Sexual dimorphism accounts for significant differences in adipose tissue mass and distribution. However, how the crosstalk between visceral and ectopic fat depots occurs and which are the determinants of ectopic fat expansion and dysfunction remains unknown. Here, we focused on the impact of gender in the crosstalk between visceral and epicardial fat depots and the role of adipocytokines and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). A total of 141 outward patients (both men and women) with one or more defining criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) were consecutively enrolled. For all patients, demographic and clinical data were collected and ultrasound assessment of visceral adipose tissue (VFth) and epicardial fat (EFth) thickness was performed. Hs-CRP and adipocytokine levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Men were characterized by increased VFth and EFth (p-value < 0.001 and 0.014, respectively), whereas women showed higher levels of adiponectin and leptin (p-value < 0.001 for both). However, only in women VFth and EFth significantly correlated between them (p = 0.013) and also with leptin (p < 0.001 for both) and hs-CRP (p = 0.005 and p = 0.028, respectively). Linear regression confirmed an independent association of both leptin and hs-CRP with VFth in women, also after adjustment for age and MetS (p = 0.012 and 0.007, respectively). In conclusion, men and women present differences in epicardial fat deposition and systemic inflammation. An intriguing association between visceral/epicardial fat depots and chronic low-grade inflammation also emerged. In women Although a further validation in larger studies is needed, these findings suggest a critical role of sex in stratification of obese/dysmetabolic patients.

scholarly journals Biomarkers of Browning in Cold Exposed Siberian Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2162
Author(s):  
Agrafena Efremova ◽  
Georgia Colleluori ◽  
Mikhail Thomsky ◽  
Jessica Perugini ◽  
Marina Protasoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
White Fat

Cold-exposure promotes energy expenditure by inducing brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, which over time, is also sustained by browning, the appearance, or increase, of brown-like cells into white fat depots. Identification of circulating markers reflecting BAT activity and browning is crucial to study this phenomenon and its triggers, also holding possible implications for the therapy of obesity and metabolic diseases. Using RT-qPCR, we evaluated the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expression profile of regulators of BAT activity (CIDEA, PRDM16), white adipocytes browning (HOXC9 and SLC27A1), and fatty acid β-oxidation (CPT1A) in 150 Siberian healthy miners living at extremely cold temperatures compared to 29 healthy subjects living in thermoneutral conditions. Anthropometric parameters, glucose, and lipid profiles were also assessed. The cold-exposed group showed significantly lower weight, BMI, hip circumference, and PBMC expression of CIDEA, but higher expression of HOXC9 and higher circulating glucose compared to controls. Within the cold-exposed group, BMI, total cholesterol, and the atherogenic coefficient were lower in individuals exposed to low temperatures for a longer time. In conclusion, human PBMC expresses the brown adipocytes marker CIDEA and the browning marker HOXC9, which, varying according to cold-exposure, possibly reflect changes in BAT activation and white fat browning.

scholarly journals Recent Update on the Molecular Mechanisms of Gonadal Steroids Action in Adipose Tissue

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5226
Author(s):  
Agata Wawrzkiewicz-Jałowiecka ◽  
Anna Lalik ◽  
Graça Soveral
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Gonadal Steroids ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Fat Depots

The gonadal steroids, including androgens, estrogens and progestogens, are involved in the control of body fat distribution in humans. Nevertheless, not only the size and localization of the fat depots depend on the sex steroids levels, but they can also highly affect the functioning of adipose tissue. Namely, the gonadocorticoids can directly influence insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, fatty acid uptake and adipokine production. They may also alter energy balance and glucose homeostasis in adipocytes in an indirect way, e.g., by changing the expression level of aquaglyceroporins. This work presents the recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism of how the gonadal steroids influence the functioning of adipose tissue leading to a set of detrimental metabolic consequences. Special attention is given here to highlighting the sexual dimorphism of adipocyte functioning in terms of health and disease. Particularly, we discuss the molecular background of metabolic disturbances occurring in consequence of hormonal imbalance which is characteristic of some common endocrinopathies such as the polycystic ovary syndrome. From this perspective, we highlight the potential drug targets and the active substances which can be used in personalized sex-specific management of metabolic diseases, in accord with the patient’s hormonal status.

scholarly journals DNA Methylation as a Marker of Body Shape in Premenopausal Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeline Divoux ◽  
Alexey Eroshkin ◽  
Edina Erdos ◽  
Katalin Sandor ◽  
Timothy F. Osborne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Increased Risk

Preferential accumulation of fat in the gluteo-femoral (GF) depot (pear shape) rather than in the abdominal (A) depot (apple shape), protects against the development of metabolic diseases but the underlying molecular mechanism is still unknown. Recent data, including our work, suggest that differential epigenetic marking is associated with regulation of genes attributed to distinct fat distribution. Here, we aimed to compare the genomic DNA methylation signatures between apple and pear-shaped premenopausal women. To investigate the contribution of upper and lower body fat, we used paired samples of A-FAT and GF-FAT, analyzed on the BeadChip Methylation Array and quantified the differentially methylated sites between the 2 groups of women. We found unique DNA methylation patterns within both fat depots that are significantly different depending on the body fat distribution. Around 60% of the body shape specific DNA methylation sites identified in adipose tissue are maintained ex vivo in cultured preadipocytes. As it has been reported before in other cell types, we found only a hand full of genes showing coordinated differential methylation and expression levels. Finally, we determined that more than 50% of the body shape specific DNA methylation sites could also be detected in whole blood derived DNA. These data reveal a strong DNA methylation program associated with adipose tissue distribution with the possibility that a simple blood test could be used as a predictive diagnostic indicator of young women who are at increased risk for progressing to the apple body shape with a higher risk of developing obesity related complications.Clinical Trial Registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02728635 and https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02226640, identifiers NCT02728635 and NCT02226640.

scholarly journals CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF ADIPOSOPATHY WITH REFERENCE OF LANGHAN UPAKRAMA FOR HEALTHY LIFE

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Akhilesh Kumar Singh ◽  
Poonam Patel
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Undigested Food ◽  
Conceptual Study ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Modern Era

Lifestyle in modern era delivers a lot of stress and due to extreme use of Guru (heavy), Madhura (sweet), Snigdha (oily), Shita (cold) Ahar and Vihar like Alashya (stationary), Adhyasana (taking another food before undigested food), Vishamashan (different timing of food) etc, people get suffer with a disease like excessive body fat or sick fat or adiposopathy. Adiposopathy leads to several metabolic diseases. Langhana upakrama (fasting) will be an effective treatment in adiposopathy. Several studies by researchers, assembled to check anatomical and pathophysiological abnormalities of adiposopathy and review of different aspects of Langhana upakrama in Samhita in perspective of metabolic disorders especially due to adiposopathy. Data study shows that on positive energy intake, accumulated subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue and other fat depots can be pathogenic. This pathogenic adipose tissue causes many metabolic diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypothyroidism, liver diseases etc. By the studies of different Samhita we can articulate that Langhana upakrama is able to bring lightness and thinness to body. Finally we can conclude that by the Langhana upakrama body uses all types of sick fat from all fat depots and it can reverse the process of adiposopathy and body becomes healthy.

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