Neurotrophin-eluting hydrogel coatings for neural stimulating electrodes

2007 ◽  
Vol 81B (2) ◽  
pp. 551-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica O. Winter ◽  
Stuart F. Cogan ◽  
Joseph F. Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogel Coatings ◽  
Stimulating Electrodes

A Method for Chronically Implanting Stimulating Electrodes into the Brains of Locusts, and some Results of Stimulation

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284
Author(s):  
C. H. FRASER ROWELL
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Stimulating Electrodes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Antennal Movement ◽  
Steel Electrodes

1. Methods are described for implanting permanent stainless-steel electrodes into the brains of locusts, for stimulating the brain under near-normal conditions, and for localizing the electrode subsequently. 2. Threshold currents measured under these conditions are lower than those required in acute preparations, or if the animal is restrained. 3. The results of stimulation are described for four common aspects of behaviour. These are antennal movement, locomotion, feeding and sexual behaviour. 4. The effect of stimulation on antennal and locomotory movements largely confirms previous work on crickets. 5. Feeding and foraging behaviour, which is a very common result, is shown to be almost completely determined by peripheral stimuli at the time of brain stimulation. The role of the latter is permissive or disinhibitory rather than causal or excitatory. 6. Integrated sexual behaviour is occasionally inhibited, but never elicited, by stimulation. This contrasts with observations on crickets, and its implications are discussed.

The Involvement of Nerves in the Epithelial Control of Crumpling Behaviour in a Hydrozoan Jellyfish

1981 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL G. KING ◽  
ANDREW N. SPENCER
Keyword(s):  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Recording Electrode ◽  
Polyorchis Penicillatus ◽  
Nerve Bundles ◽  
Synaptic Junctions ◽  
Stimulating Electrodes ◽  
Nerve Muscle ◽  
Radial Muscle ◽  
Muscle Potential

1. The excitation pathways mediating the protective crumpling behaviour of Polyorchis penicillatus were studied with electrophysiological and ultrastructural techniques. 2. Stimulating the subumbrellar endoderm consistently resulted in a complex crumpling potential when recorded with suction electrodes from radial muscle (the prime effector). The potential represents the summation of a quick radial muscle potential (RMP) and a slow endodermal canal pulse (ECP). 3. The latencies of ECPs recorded from radial muscle during crumpling were directly proportional to the distance between the recording electrode and the subumbrellar stimulating electrode. Conversely, the latencies of RMPs, which were not tightly time-coupled to ECPs, were more directly related to the distance of the recording and stimulating electrodes from the marginal or apical termini of the radial muscle. 4. Stimulating the exumbrellar ectoderm resulted in a variable crumpling response, typically occurring after facilitation of numerous exumbrellar pulses (EPs). Since exumbrellar stimulation did not usually excite endoderm, the response recorded from radial muscle normally involved a simple RMP, un-associated with an ECP. 5. Typical synaptic junctions were observed between radial muscle processes and marginal neurites and between radial muscle and neurites of the radial nerve bundles along the length of the muscle. 6. The independence of the ECP and RMP conducting pathways demonstrates that endoderm does not provide the direct source of radial muscle excitation and the initiation of RMPs at points of known (marginal) and suspected (apical) nerve-muscle contact suggests the involvement of nerves in the control of crumpling behaviour. 7. These results are discussed in the light of other examples of active neuronal-epithelial interaction.

A Comparison of TiN, Iridium and Iridium Oxide Stimulating Electrodes for Neural Stimulation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naser Pour Aryan ◽  
Christian Brendler ◽  
Viola Rieger ◽  
Steffen Kibbel ◽  
Alex Harscher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iridium Oxide ◽  
Neural Stimulation ◽  
Stimulating Electrodes

scholarly journals Strategy to construct polyzwitterionic hydrogel coating with antifouling, drag-reducing and weak swelling performance

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 2081-2091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajia Shen ◽  
Miao Du ◽  
Ziliang Wu ◽  
Yihu Song ◽  
Qiang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Swelling Behavior ◽  
Hydrogel Coatings ◽  
Hydrogel Coating

Polyzwitterionic hydrogel coatings with weak swelling behavior and strong mechanical properties were prepared and exhibited excellent antifouling and drag-reducing performances.

Patterns of conduction in smooth muscle

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (5) ◽  
pp. 910-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nagai ◽  
C. L. Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Normal Velocity ◽  
Transverse Axis ◽  
Latency Difference ◽  
Conducting Path ◽  
Stimulating Electrodes

In sheets of circular intestinal muscle, electrical waves conduct in all directions, much faster and with less decrement in the long than in the transverse axis of the fibers. Need for interfiber summation is shown by failure to initiate conducted spikes with stimulating electrodes less than 100 µ diameter. Conduction is in bands with occasional entry from one band into another. Minimal latency occurs in a 1–2-mm band in line with stimulating electrodes. Diagonal conduction was not observed, but double spikes represent direct conduction followed by re-entry into a band from a parallel conducting path. Records with double microelectrodes, 1–700 µ apart, showed no measurable latency difference when both were in the same fiber but normal velocity at separations greater than 50 µ.

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