Assessment of pepper spray product potency in Asian and Caucasian forearm skin using transepidermal water loss, skin temperature and reflectance colorimetry

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn K. Pershing ◽  
Christopher A. Reilly ◽  
Judy L. Corlett ◽  
Dennis J. Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Forearm Skin

scholarly journals The examination of biophysical parameters of the skin in Polish Konik horses

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0250329
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Cekiera ◽  
Jarosław Popiel ◽  
Marta Siemieniuch ◽  
Zbigniew Jaworski ◽  
Malwina Slowikowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Methods Of Evaluation ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
The Right

This study aimed to assess the biophysical parameters of the skin in Polish Konik horses (Polish primitive horses). According to the authors, this is the first assessment performed on such a wide scale in this group of animals. The evaluation carried out is innovative both with regards to the breed of the animals and the wide scope of the physicochemical skin assessment. The study group comprised mares, stallions and geldings, and the evaluations concerned transepidermal water loss, corneometry, pH, skin temperature assessment and mexametry. These parameters were assessed in five skin regions: the lips, the right ear, the prosternum, the right side of the neck and the chest. The measurements were taken after spreading the hair apart, with the use of a Multiprobe Adapter System (MPA®) and dedicated probes (Courage + Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany). The measurements revealed statistically significant differences in the values of transepidermal water loss in the lips in mares compared with stallions (P = 0.023) and also in stallions compared with geldings (P = 0.009). Corneometry showed significantly higher results in the neck region in mares compared with stallions (P = 0.037) and the prosternum areas in mares and geldings compared with stallions (P = 0.037 and P = 0.018). Skin pH measurement on the right side of the neck rendered significantly higher values in stallions than in mares (P = 0.037). In geldings, the skin temperature was significantly higher than in stallions (P = 0.049). Once the appropriate physicochemical values for specific animal species and breeds are determined, non-invasive methods of skin examination in many diseases and also methods of evaluation of the efficacy and/or adverse effects of applied medications can be established.

Seasonal transepidermal water loss and impedance of forearm skin in atopics and non-atopics

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 376-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A. C. den Arend ◽  
A. F J de Haan ◽  
K. E. Malten
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Forearm Skin

scholarly journals Electrically and Ultrasonically Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiep Nguyen ◽  
Ajay Banga
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Cadaver Skin

In this study, we used sonophoresis and iontophoresis to enhance the in vitro delivery of methotrexate through human cadaver skin. Iontophoresis was applied for 60 min at a 0.4 mA/sq·cm current density, while low-frequency sonophoresis was applied at a 20 kHz frequency (2 min application, and 6.9 W/sq·cm intensity). The treated skin was characterized by dye binding, transepidermal water loss, skin electrical resistance, and skin temperature measurement. Both sonophoresis and iontophoresis resulted in a significant reduction in skin electrical resistance as well as a marked increase in transepidermal water loss value (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ultrasonic waves resulted in a significant increase in skin temperature (p < 0.05). In permeation studies, the use of iontophoresis led to a significantly higher drug permeability than the untreated group (n = 4, p < 0.05). The skin became markedly more permeable to methotrexate after the treatment by sonophoresis than by iontophoresis (p < 0.01). A synergistic effect for the combined application of sonophoresis and iontophoresis was also observed. Drug distribution in the skin layers revealed a significantly higher level of methotrexate in the sonicated skin than that in iontophoresis and untreated groups. Iontophoresis and low-frequency sonophoresis were found to enhance the transdermal and intradermal delivery of methotrexate in vitro.

The examination of biophysical parameters of skin (transepidermal water loss, skin hydration and pH value) in different body regions of ponies

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Szczepanik ◽  
P.M. Wilkołek ◽  
M. Pluta ◽  
Ł.R. Adamek ◽  
Z.J.H. Pomorski
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Skin Hydration ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Skin Ph

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate transepidermal water loss, skin hydration and skin pH in normal ponies. Sixteen ponies of both sexes were examined in the study. Measurements were taken from seven different sites: the neck region, the shoulder, thorax, lumbar, inguinal, lip region and the auricle. In each of the regions transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and skin pH were measured. For transepidermal water loss, the lowest values were observed in the lumbar region (9.71g/hm2), while the highest values were observed in the lip region (22.35 g/hm2). In the case of skin hydration the lowest values were observed for the thorax region (2.13 CU), and the highest for the lip region (41.81 CU). For skin pH, the lowest results were obtained in the lumbar region (6.93), and the highest in the lip region (7.96).

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