Using progressive ratio schedules to evaluate tokens as generalized conditioned reinforcers

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Russell ◽  
Einar T. Ingvarsson ◽  
Jennifer L. Haggar ◽  
Joshua Jessel
Keyword(s):  
Progressive Ratio ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcers

scholarly journals An Exploration of Responses to Drug Conditioned Stimuli during Treatment for Substance Dependence

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Goddard ◽  
Leanne S. Son Hing ◽  
Francesco Leri
Keyword(s):  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Progressive Ratio ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Ratio Schedule ◽  
Operant Response ◽  
Conditioned Stimuli ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcers ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
Drug Paraphernalia ◽  
Conditioned Responses

Although it is well established that drug conditioned stimuli produce a variety of conditioned responses, it is not known whether such stimuli can also reinforce an arbitrary operant response and thus serve as conditioned reinforcers. Volunteers (n=39) recruited from a residential treatment center for substance dependence were tested on a task in which presses on computer keys activated images of drugs/drug paraphernalia on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. They also completed a personalized craving questionnaire and a personalized Implicit Association Test. A significant bias in responding was found for images of preferred drugs/route of drug administration. Craving, however, was low and the images generated negative evaluative reactions. Two additional studies were performed to ascertain the generalizability of the effects to a different population of drug-using individuals (i.e., students who drink) and to incentive stimuli of a different nature (i.e., sexual). The additional studies partially replicated and extended the central findings of the main study. Therefore, although these data should be considered preliminary in light of small group sizes, it is concluded that cue specificity and availability of the unconditioned stimuli (drugs and sex) plays a role in modulating responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers.

Food quality and cognition: Effects of a purified, refined diet on performance on a progressive ratio schedule in rats

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron P. Blaisdell ◽  
Matthew Yan Lam Lau ◽  
Cynthia Fast ◽  
Katie Telminova ◽  
Boyang Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Quality ◽  
Progressive Ratio ◽  
Ratio Schedule ◽  
Progressive Ratio Schedule

scholarly journals Chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress reduces effort-related motivated behaviors in male and female mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Dieterich ◽  
Tonia Liu ◽  
Benjamin Adam Samuels
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Progressive Ratio ◽  
Social Defeat ◽  
Social Defeat Stress ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Motivated Behaviors

AbstractReward and motivation deficits are prominent symptoms in many mood disorders, including depression. Similar reward and effort-related choice behavioral tasks can be used to study aspects of motivation in both rodents and humans. Chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders in humans and maladaptive reward and motivation behaviors in male rodents. However, while depression is more prevalent in women, there is relatively little known about whether chronic stress elicits maladaptive behaviors in female rodents in effort-related motivated tasks and whether there are any behavioral sex differences. Chronic nondiscriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS) is a variation of chronic social defeat stress that is effective in both male and female mice. We hypothesized that CNSDS would reduce effort-related motivated and reward behaviors, including reducing sensitivity to a devalued outcome, reducing breakpoint in progressive ratio, and shifting effort-related choice behavior. Separate cohorts of adult male and female C57BL/6 J mice were divided into Control or CNSDS groups, exposed to the 10-day CNSDS paradigm, and then trained and tested in instrumental reward or effort-related behaviors. CNSDS reduced motivation to lever press in progressive ratio and shifted effort-related choice behavior from a high reward to a more easily attainable low reward in both sexes. CNSDS caused more nuanced impairments in outcome devaluation. Taken together, CNSDS induces maladaptive shifts in effort-related choice and reduces motivated lever pressing in both sexes.

scholarly journals Coexistence of perseveration and apathy in the TDP-43Q331K knock-in mouse model of ALS–FTD

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eosu Kim ◽  
Matthew A. White ◽  
Benjamin U. Phillips ◽  
Laura Lopez-Cruz ◽  
Hyunjeong Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Research ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Progressive Ratio ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Behavioural Phenotype ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract Perseveration and apathy are two of the most common behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSDs) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis–frontotemporal dementia (ALS–FTD). Availability of a validated and behaviourally characterised animal model is crucial for translational research into BPSD in the FTD context. We behaviourally evaluated the male TDP-43Q331K mouse, an ALS–FTD model with a human-equivalent mutation (TDP-43Q331K) knocked into the endogenous Tardbp gene. We utilised a panel of behavioural tasks delivered using the rodent touchscreen apparatus, including progressive ratio (PR), extinction and visual discrimination/reversal learning (VDR) assays to examine motivation, response inhibition and cognitive flexibility, respectively. Relative to WT littermates, TDP-43Q331K mice exhibited increased responding under a PR schedule. While elevated PR responding is typically an indication of increased motivation for reward, a trial-by-trial response rate analysis revealed that TDP-43Q331K mice exhibited decreased maximal response rate and slower response decay rate, suggestive of reduced motivation and a perseverative behavioural phenotype, respectively. In the extinction assay, TDP-43Q331K mice displayed increased omissions during the early phase of each session, consistent with a deficit in activational motivation. Finally, the VDR task revealed cognitive inflexibility, manifesting as stimulus-bound perseveration. Together, our data indicate that male TDP-43Q331K mice exhibit a perseverative phenotype with some evidence of apathy-like behaviour, similar to BPSDs observed in human ALS–FTD patients. The TDP-43Q331K knock-in mouse therefore has features that recommend it as a useful platform to facilitate translational research into behavioural symptoms in the context of ALS–FTD.

Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Depletions and Time-Constrained Progressive Ratio Performance

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Hamill ◽  
J.T Trevitt ◽  
K.L Nowend ◽  
B.B Carlson ◽  
J.D Salamone
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Progressive Ratio
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