Irrigation frequencies and reference evapotranspiration replacement affecting annual bluegrass encroachment in perennial ryegrass in Western Oregon

Evaluation of Oriental Mustard (Brassica juncea) Seed Meal for Weed Suppression in Turf

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-09-00058.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 440-445 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Daniel T. Earlywine ◽

Reid J. Smeda ◽

Travis C. Teuton ◽

Carl E. Sams ◽

Xi Xiong

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

White Clover ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Untreated Control ◽

Seed Meal ◽

Mustard Seed ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Oriental Mustard ◽

Large Crabgrass

Oriental mustard seed meal (MSM), a byproduct generated by pressing the seed for oil, exhibits herbicidal properties. In turfgrass, soil fumigants such as methyl bromide are used to control weeds prior to renovation of turf. Environmental concerns have resulted in deregistration of methyl bromide, prompting the need for alternatives. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of MSM on the establishment of selected turfgrass weeds as well as inhibitory effects on establishment of desirable turfgrasses. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 at the University of Missouri. MSM was amended in soil at 0, 1,350 (low), 2,350 (medium), and 3,360 kg ha−1(high) concentrations. Weed species included annual bluegrass, large crabgrass, buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed. Turfgrass species included: Rembrandt tall fescue, Evening Shade perennial rye, and Riviera bermudagrass. All species were seeded into soil amended with MSM and either tarped or left untarped. All treatments were compared to dazomet (392 kg ha−1), a synthetic standard. Plant counts and biomass of all species were recorded 4 wk after seeding. Overall, tarped treatments suppressed weed emergence 27 to 50% more compared to untarped treatments, except for large crabgrass. High rates of MSM suppressed emergence of all weeds ≥ 63%. Compared to the untreated control, the density of buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed was reduced by ≥ 42% at low rates of MSM. Biomass of buckhorn plantain, annual bluegrass, common chickweed, white clover, and large crabgrass was reduced from 37 to 99% at high rates of MSM. MSM at high rates reduced stand counts of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass up to 81% and 77% respectively, compared to the untreated control. Regardless of MSM rates or tarping, suppression of common bermudagrass emergence did not exceed 30%; tarped treatments actually increased bermudagrass emergence by 22%. The biomass for tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and bermudagrass was reduced by 85, 68, and 10%, respectively, at high rates of MSM. For tall fescue, MSM at all rates strongly suppressed seed germination by 7 d after planting (DAP) (up to 100%), with additional germination observed through 14 DAP, but not thereafter. In both trials, dazomet completely suppressed emergence of all weeds. MSM appears to suppress emergence and growth of a number of weeds common in turf, with potential selectivity for bermudagrass.

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Control of the Black Turfgrass Ataenius on a Golf Course Fairway in Ashland County, Oh, 1993

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/19.1.323 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 323-323

Author(s):

K. T. Power ◽

D. J. Shetlar ◽

H. D. Niemczyk ◽

M. G. Belcher

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Golf Course ◽

Efficacy Data ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Experimental Area ◽

Water Ph

Abstract The study was located on a golf course fairway at Jeromesville. Insecticides were applied 16 Jun to plots 8 × 10 ft arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were applied using a drop spreader and liquids using a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8006VS nozzles at 35 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2. The experimental area was irrigated approximately V* inch after all treatments were applied but before sprays had dried on the grass blades. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. BTA: eggs and 1st instars present, no pretreatment count. Turf: level, light dew, IVs inch height, 40% perennial ryegrass, 30% Kentucky bluegrass, 30% annual bluegrass. Thatch: dense, moist, % inch. Soil: moist, 66°F at 1 inch and 67°F at 3 inch. Weather: sunny, 65°F, 0-5 mph. Water: pH 6.5. Efficacy data taken 6 Jul (20 DAT) were based on the number of live BTA larvae and pupae in 6, 4Vt inch in diam samples from each plot. No phytotoxicity was observed.

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Evaluation of Annual Bluegrass Control Programs for Bermudagrass Turf Overseeded with Perennial Ryegrass

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-10-00050.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 58-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

J. Scott McElroy ◽

Greg K. Breeden ◽

Glenn Wehtje

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Control Programs ◽

Pairwise Contrasts

Few herbicides are available that will selectively control annual bluegrass in a polyculture of bermudagrass overseeded with perennial ryegrass. Research was conducted to evaluate multifaceted annual bluegrass control programs in overseeded bermudagrass. Treatments included various combinations of four herbicides: foramsulfuron applied 2 wk prior to overseeding (WPO); ethofumesate and bispyribac-sodium (bispyribac) applied 12 or 12 followed by (fb) 15 wk after overseeding (WAO); and prodiamine applied 15 WAO to provide continued PRE annual bluegrass control. Foramsulfuron at 0.03 kg ha−1applied 2 WPO controlled annual bluegrass 63% 28 WAO. Foramsulfuron fb ethofumesate or bispyribac applied 12 or 12 fb 15 WAO improved control to 91% or greater. Ethofumesate or bispyribac applied with prodiamine at 1.1 kg ha−1at 15 WAO did not improve annual bluegrass control compared with ethofumesate or bispyribac treatments alone according to pairwise contrasts. Only bispyribac-containing treatments induced unacceptable perennial ryegrass injury. Bispyribac applied with prodiamine reduced perennial ryegrass cover greater than bispyribac alone according to pairwise contrast. These data indicate that ethofumesate or bispyribac applied sequentially 12 and 15 WPO can effectively control annual bluegrass in bermudagrass turf overseeded with perennial ryegrass.

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Seedling Emergence and Establishment of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) in Turfgrasses of Traditional and Creeping Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-15-00070.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 238-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Roberta Masin ◽

Stefano Macolino

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Competitive Ability ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Weed Species ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Northeastern Italy ◽

Traditional Cultivars ◽

Marked Area ◽

Cool Season Grass

Annual bluegrass is a cosmopolitan, cool-season grass that adapts to different environmental conditions. It is one of the main weeds of turfgrass, and its control is mainly achieved through chemical and cultural practices, although little importance is given to the competitive ability of turfgrass species or cultivars. A field study was performed in northeastern Italy from October 2012 to June 2014 to evaluate the competitive ability of selected perennial ryegrass cultivars to suppress emergence and establishment of annual bluegrass seedlings. Two creeping perennial ryegrasses (‘CSI' and ‘PPG-PR171’) and two traditional cultivars (‘Azimuth' and ‘Presidio') were compared. In late autumn in both years, annual bluegrass was sown in a marked area (30 cm by 30 cm) in the turfgrass. Emerged seedlings were counted weekly, and emergence dynamics were modeled. In the second year, final density of annual bluegrass allowed to grow in turfgrass was also evaluated in summer. Results showed that both seedling emergence and density of annual bluegrass were significantly reduced by creeping perennial cultivars, supporting the hypothesis that these cultivars may reduce annual bluegrass establishment in turfgrass. Seedling emergence pattern of annual bluegrass did not differ in creeping and traditional cultivars of perennial ryegrass, suggesting the possibility of creating a general emergence model suitable in any turfgrass to help turfgrass managers in the control of this weed species.

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Cool-season Turfgrass Response to Bispyribac-Sodium

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1552 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

pp. 1552-1555 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Darren W. Lycan ◽

Stephen E. Hart

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Cool Season ◽

Severe Stunting ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Fine Fescue

Previous research has demonstrated that bispyribac-sodium can selectively control established annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Annual bluegrass is also a problematic weed in other cool-season turfgrass species. However, the relative tolerance of other cool-season turfgrass species to bispyribac is not known. Field experiments were conducted at Adelphia, N.J., in 2002 and 2003 to gain understanding of the phytotoxic effects that bispyribac may have on kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea (L.) Schreb.), and chewings fine fescue (Festuca rubra L. subsp. commutata Gaud.). Single applications of bispyribac at 37 to 296 g·ha–1 were applied to mature stands of each species on 11 June, 2002 and 10 June, 2003. Visual injury was evaluated and clippings were collected 35 and 70 days after treatment (DAT). Visual injury at 35 DAT increased as bispyribac rate increased. Kentucky bluegrass was least tolerant to bispyribac with up to 28% injury when applied at 296 g·ha–1. Injury on other species did not exceed 20%. Initial injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue was primarily in the form of chlorosis, while kentucky bluegrass exhibited more severe stunting and thinning symptoms. Bispyribac at rates from 74 to 296 g·ha–1 reduced kentucky bluegrass clipping weights by 19% to 35%, respectively, as compared to the untreated control at 35 DAT in 2002. Initial visual injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue dissipated to ≤5% by 70 DAT. However, recovery of kentucky bluegrass was less complete. These studies suggest that bispyribac-sodium has potential to severely injure kentucky bluegrass. Injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue appears to be less severe and persistent; therefore, bispyribac can be used for weed control in these species. Chemical names used: 2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]benzoic acid (bispyribac-sodium).

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Glyphosate Tolerance of Two Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars from Fall Applications and at Seedling Growth Stages

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.50.2.304 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 304-309

Author(s):

Christian M. Baldwin ◽

Eugene K. Blythe ◽

A. Douglas Brede ◽

Jami J. Mayer ◽

R. Golembiewski

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Temperature Response ◽

Field Trials ◽

Application Rate ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

The One ◽

Fall Application ◽

Response Trial

The use of glyphosate-tolerant perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (PRG) cultivars JS501 and Replay provides turfgrass managers a unique option for annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) (ABG) control. Both cultivars can tolerate a maximum glyphosate rate of 0.81 kg·ha−1 acid equivalent (a.e.) after establishment under optimal growing temperatures (16 to 24 °C). However, tolerance to applications made immediately after germination and during low air temperatures has received limited investigation. Therefore, objectives of this research were to determine the seedling tolerance and low-temperature response after a fall season glyphosate application to both cultivars. Field trials were conducted in Idaho and Oregon. For the fall application response trial in Idaho, glyphosate was applied at 0, 0.15, 0.29, 0.58, 1.16, 1.74, 2.32, and 3.48 kg·ha−1 a.e. In Oregon, glyphosate was applied at 0, 0.15, 0.29, 0.44, 0.58, 1.16, and 3.48 kg·ha−1 a.e. At both sites, applications were made between late September and early October. To determine seedling tolerance, both cultivars were sprayed with glyphosate at the one-leaf stage (LS), two LS, three LS, or four LS at rates of 0, 0.15, 0.29, and 0.58 kg·ha−1 a.e. Across all trials, ratings included PRG color, cover, and injury. At both trial locations, regression analysis revealed a rate of ≈0.27 kg·ha−1 a.e. was required to cause 20% leaf firing in the fall application response trial. In the seedling tolerance trial, glyphosate applied at 0.58 kg·ha−1 a.e. at the one LS, two LS, and three LS had color ratings 8.0 or greater; however, color ratings dropped to 4.6 when an application was made at the four LS. Based on the environmental conditions of each trial, results suggest glyphosate applications greater than 0.27 kg·ha−1 a.e. as minimum air temperatures approach 0 °C should be avoided. Also, applications should be avoided at the three to four LS if the application rate is greater than 0.29 kg·ha−1 a.e.

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Creeping Bentgrass and Perennial Ryegrass Seedling Tolerance to Bispyribac-sodium

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.7.2186 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

pp. 2186-2190 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Peter H. Dernoeden ◽

Steven J. McDonald ◽

John E. Kaminski

Keyword(s):

Field Study ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Severely Injured ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Sequential Treatments

Establishing creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. (CBG)] and perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. (PRG)] from seed can be hampered by competition from annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Bispyribac-sodium (BPS) is a postemergence annual bluegrass herbicide that may have applications for use when establishing these grasses. This field study was undertaken to determine if BPS could be applied safely to CBG and PRG seedlings. Ethofumesate (ETHO) was applied sequentially (840 + 840 g·ha−1 a.i.) and served as a standard. In 2004, BPS was applied once (49, 74, 111, and 148 g·ha−1 a.i.) or sequentially (49 + 49 and 74 + 74 g·ha−1 a.i.) to CBG and PRG seedlings 4 weeks after emergence in Maryland. In 2004, BPS discolored CBG and PRG and reduced PRG cover, whereas ETHO reduced CBG cover but was not injurious to PRG. In 2005, a single (148 g·ha−1 a.i.) and sequential (25 + 25, 49 + 49 and 74 + 74 g·ha−1 a.i.) applications of BPS were made to CBG and PRG 2 and 4 weeks after seedling emergence (WASE) in Maryland and Connecticut. Treatments applied 2 WASE generally resulted in more injury when compared with applications made 4 WASE. In Maryland in 2005, CBG only sustained long-term loss of cover when treated 2 WASE with 148 g·ha−1 a.i. of BPS. The PRG was more sensitive to BPS and 148 g·ha−1 a.i. applied once and sequential treatments 49 g·ha−1 a.i. or greater applied 2 and 4 WASE generally caused the greatest loss in PRG cover. Conversely, CBG was severely injured by all BPS treatments and ETHO in Connecticut. In PRG, only 25 + 25 g·ha−1 a.i. of BPS and ETHO in both timings did not cause a loss in cover in Connecticut or Maryland. High levels of precipitation and probably other unknown factors may have enhanced the phytotoxicity observed in Connecticut. Ethofumesate generally was safer than BPS for use on PRG seedlings.

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Using Herbicides and Perennial Ryegrass to Renovate Turf Dominated by Annual Bluegrass

cftm ◽

10.2134/cftm2019.01.0005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 190005

Author(s):

Bradley S. Park ◽

Matthew T. Elmore ◽

James A. Murphy

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Annual Bluegrass

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Rate response of select grass weeds to pinoxaden

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2020.65 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 818-823 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John M. Peppers ◽

Clebson G. Gonçalves ◽

J. Scott McElroy

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Application Rate ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Weed Species ◽

Visible Injury ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Spray Rate ◽

Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase ◽

Large Crabgrass

AbstractPinoxaden is a POST acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor in the phenylpyrazolin chemical family and is labelled for turfgrass use at broadcast rates of 35.5 to 71 g ai ha−1 and spot spray rates of 156 to 310 g ai ha−1. A greenhouse rate-response study was conducted to characterize the efficacy of pinoxaden against common grassy weeds. Weed species examined in this study were yellow foxtail, southern sandbur, annual bluegrass, roughstalk bluegrass, large crabgrass, dallisgrass, bahiagrass, goosegrass, and perennial ryegrass. Nonlinear regressions were modelled to determine visible injury rates (the application rate at which 50% of the weed species were injured and the 90% [I90] rate) and weight reduction rates (the application rate at which there was a 50% reduction in fresh weight and 90% reduction [WR90]) for each weed species. Only annual bluegrass, bahiagrass, and goosegrass had visible injury I90 values greater than the maximum labelled spot spray rate of 310 g ai ha−1. Annual bluegrass, bahiagrass, southern sandbur, and goosegrass all had WR90 values greater than the maximum labelled spot spray rate of 310 g ai ha−1. Results from this study indicate that the evaluated weed species can be ranked, according to visible injury I90 values, from most to least susceptible: perennial ryegrass > yellow foxtail > dallisgrass > large crabgrass > southern sandbur > roughstalk bluegrass > bahiagrass > goosegrass > annual bluegrass.

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Controlling Grass Weeds on Hard Surfaces: Effect of Time Intervals between Flame Treatments

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-11-00031.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 83-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Anne M. Rask ◽

Palle Kristoffersen ◽

Christian Andreasen

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Short Treatment ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Treatment Interval ◽

Effect Of Treatment ◽

The Impact

An experiment was conducted on a specially designed hard surface to study the impact of time interval between flaming treatments on the regrowth and flower production of two grass weeds. The goal of this experiment was to optimize the control of annual bluegrass and perennial ryegrass, both species that are very difficult to control without herbicides. Aboveground biomass from 72 plants per treatment was harvested and dry weights were recorded at regular intervals to investigate how the plants responded to flaming. Regrowth of the grasses was measured by harvesting aboveground biomass 2 wk after the second flaming treatments that were implemented at different time intervals. Flaming treatments decreased plant biomass of both species and also the ratio of flowering annual bluegrass plants. However, few plants were killed. The first flaming treatment affected aboveground biomass more than the second flaming treatment. A treatment interval of 7 d provided the greatest reduction in regrowth of perennial ryegrass, whereas the effect of treatment interval varied between the first and second repetitions of this experiment for annual bluegrass. In general, short treatment intervals (3 d) should be avoided, as they did not increase the reduction of aboveground biomass compared with the 7-d treatment interval. Knowledge on the regrowth of grass weeds after flaming treatments provided by this study can help improve recommendations given to road keepers and park managers for management on these weeds.

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