Systems Engineering-A First Order Effect

Insight ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-39
Author(s):  
Regina M Gonzales
Keyword(s):  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
First Order

First-Order Frequency Effects in Supersonic Panel Flutter of Finite Cylindrical Shells

1973 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-470
Author(s):  
M. Holt ◽  
T. M. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mach Number ◽  
Elastic Shell ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Aerodynamic Load ◽  
Panel Flutter ◽  
Thin Cylindrical Shell ◽  
First Order ◽  
Flutter Boundary ◽  
Shell Equation ◽  
Set Up

An improved calculation of the supersonic panel flutter characteristics of a thin cylindrical shell of finite length is presented. The aerodynamic load is determined with account taken of first-order terms in vibration frequency, and when this is introduced into the elastic shell equation an integro differential equation results. An equivalent eigenvalue problem is set up by applying Galerkin’s method to this equation. The flutter boundary, for given Mach number and circumferential mode n, corresponds to the shell thickness ratio at which the real part of any one of the eigenvalues first becomes non-negative. It is found that the most severe flutter condition, for given Mach number, occurs for a circumferential mode n = 7. The present calculations exclude second-order frequency terms in the elastic part of the flutter equation, even though they may have a first-order effect. A subsequent calculation referred to here shows that these terms indeed have no significant influence on the first-order analysis.

The Effect of Principal Bending Curvature on the Lateral Buckling of Uniform Slender Beams

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-316
Author(s):  
D. A. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Buckling Load ◽  
Beam Deflection ◽  
Cantilever Beams ◽  
Pure Bending ◽  
Lateral Buckling ◽  
First Order ◽  
Slender Beams ◽  
Support Conditions

The general lateral buckling equation is developed for a uniform, slender, simply supported beam fixed in torsion and with a load applied at the shear center of the midspan cross section. In this general equation, the effect of principal bending curvature (i.e., beam deflection prior to buckling) is completely accounted for. Therefore, a distinction is made between beams fixed in torsion about the deformed or undeformed elastic axis, and distinct boundary conditions are derived for each case. The equations for each of the two support conditions are then specialized to include only the first-order effect of principal bending curvature and these equations are compared with similar equations for cantilever beams and beams in pure bending. Finally, simplified buckling load formulas are derived and compared with numerical solutions of the general equations for each of the lateral buckling configurations. The comparison shows that the approximate formulas provide good estimates for the buckling load and that the classical buckling load formulas that neglect principal bending curvature are not always conservative for infinitely slender beams.

scholarly journals The Real Effects of Relational Contracts

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 452-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Blader ◽  
Claudine Gartenberg ◽  
Rebecca Henderson ◽  
Andrea Prat
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Relational Contracts ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
First Order ◽  
Relational Contract ◽  
Real Effects ◽  
Logistics Company ◽  
Robust Tests ◽  
Over Time

Does the “soft side” of management matter? Many managers assert that “firm culture” is strongly correlated with productivity, but there are few robust tests of this assertion. In a set of field experiments, we study driver productivity within a large US logistics company that is arguably transitioning from one relational contract to another, while leaving formal practices and incentives unchanged. We find that sites under the new contract are associated with 1/8 percent higher productivity. Our findings suggest that relational contracts have a first-order effect on productivity and that they can be altered over time.

Operand-Order Effect in Multiplication and Addition

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 470-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Didino ◽  
Luigi Lombardi ◽  
Francesco Vespignani
Keyword(s):  
Order Effect ◽  
First Order ◽  
Retrieval Strategies

Butterworth, Marchesini, and Girelli (2003) showed that children solved multiplications faster when the larger operand was first (e.g., 5 × 2) than when the smaller operand was first (e.g., 2 × 5). This result was interpreted according to the reorganization hypothesis, which states that, as children begin to switch from counting-based strategies (e.g., repeated additions) to direct retrieval, non-retrieval strategies generate an advantage for the larger-operand-first order. In two experiments we showed that order preferences also persist into adulthood. With additions, the larger-operand-first order was solved faster than the inverse order. With multiplications we obtained a novel result: Larger-operand-first problems were solved faster when at least one operand was smaller than 5, whereas smaller-operand-first problems were solved faster when both operands were larger than 5. Since the reorganization process alone cannot explain our results, we propose that order preferences are also influenced by the sequence in which the members of a commuted pair are acquired.

What matters for in-house tax planning: Tax function power and status

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Ege ◽  
Bradford F. Hepfer ◽  
John R. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Tax Planning ◽  
Hierarchy Theory ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
First Order ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Organizational Function ◽  
Specific Expertise ◽  
What Matters

Social hierarchy theory predicts that the power and status of an organizational function have a first-order effect on the function's ability to influence outcomes. We find that the rank of the title of the top tax executive is positively associated with tax planning after controlling for treatment effects. Our inferences remain when (1) using changes in the size of the c-suite as a shock to the relative power and status of the tax function and (2) examining promotions and demotions in title rank. Point estimates suggest that tax function power and status are up to 2.6 times as important as tax planning resources, up to 4.0 times as important as tax function-specific expertise, and more often than not more important than manager fixed effects. Overall, results suggest that the power and status of the tax function is often what matters most in determining tax outcomes.

Tool-Life Testing by Response Surface Methodology—Part 2

1964 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Basic Philosophy

This paper is a continuation of a previous paper in which the basic philosophy of response surface methodology has been explained and a first-order tool-life-predicting equation has been developed. This part of the paper illustrates the development of a second-order tool-life-predicting equation in 18 and 24 tests. It was found that the second-order effect did not show statistical significance within the cutting ranges of this project; however, the second-order effect of cutting speed has been found important by the study of residuals. If only one independent variable is investigated, a minimal number of tests can be used to find a second-order equation. Examples of designs in three, five, and six tests are illustrated.

The Effect of Particle Loading, Size, and Temperature on Deposition in a Vane Leading Edge Impingement Cooling Geometry

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Whitaker ◽  
Blair Peterson ◽  
Alex F. Miller ◽  
Jeffrey P. Bons
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Loading ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
First Order ◽  
Nominal Size ◽  
Flow Blockage

Experiments have been performed to assess the effects of particle loading, size, and temperature on flow blockage development in a geometry representative of a gas turbine nozzle guide vane leading edge. Tests with Arizona Road Dust in 0–5, 0–10, and 0–20 micron nominal size distributions showed that particle loading rates had no substantial impact on flow blockage development over the 700–866 K temperature range. Tests with the 0–10 micron dust at various flow temperatures indicated a first order effect of temperature on blockage development, particularly for temperatures above 700 K. Testing with 5–10 and 10–20 micron size distributions revealed a clear distinction between the effects of different particle sizes. Evaluation of the experimental data and particle size distributions indicated that particles smaller than 3.25 microns were primarily responsible for blockage development, a result which was further corroborated using a physics-based deposition model. Particles larger than 5 microns were shown to produce a removal mechanism, both for deposits that are in the process of growing and for those which are already established. Overall, the experiments indicate that comparisons between laboratory scale deposition studies and data from field serviced engine hardware can be reliably made in spite of large variations in the rate of particle loading. However, parameters such as flow temperature and particle size should be closely matched when performing experiments, as these have a first order effect on blockage development.

ENGINEERING MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM STATES OF A SINGLE TRAPPED ION: HIGHER-ORDER LAMB–DICKE APPROXIMATIONS

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
H. Y. CHEN ◽  
H. J. LAN ◽  
H. Y. JIA
Keyword(s):  
Coherent States ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Laser Beams ◽  
Vibrational States ◽  
Macroscopic Quantum ◽  
Trapped Ion ◽  
First Order ◽  
Nonclassical Properties

The effects of higher-order Lamb–Dicke approximations (LDAs), on engineering motional quantum states of a single trapped cold ion, are discussed. By measuring the internally electronic states of a single trapped cold ion, which is driven by two classical laser beams tuning respectively to the first upper and lower sidebands, we show that the externally macroscopic vibrational states superposed by either even or odd number states are generated. Under the LDA (i.e., only the first order effect of LD parameter η is considered), these states just are the usual even and odd coherent states. For relative large values of η, we showed that the effects of higher-order LDAs, i.e., terms relating to ηk, k ≥ 2, are not negligible. They might significantly enhance certain nonclassical properties, e.g., squeezing and antibunching effects of the generated macroscopic quantum states.

Thermal Sterilisation of Liquid Foods in a Sealed Container - Developing Simple Correlations to Account for Natural Convection

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Dong Chen ◽  
Hua-Jiang Huang ◽  
Abdul G Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Natural Convection ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Cfd Simulations ◽  
Effective Thermal Diffusivity ◽  
First Order ◽  
Effective Velocity ◽  
Circulation Velocity ◽  
Velocity Level

In this study, two approaches to developing simple correlations have been described and analysed. The recent ‘effective thermal diffusivity’ model has been benchmarked and the advantages of the approach illustrated. The ‘uniqueness’ of this kind of approach has been discussed. The second approach, which is new and called the ‘effective velocity’ approach, has been described and tested, against the limited data sets available. It has been demonstrated that by preserving the first order effect (i.e. the convection effect) in the heating equation, the second approach gives an opportunity to correlate with good accuracy the experimental data (whether it is generated by CFD or field measurement). Here the essential features of the natural convection driven process is captured well. The predicted circulation velocity level matches well with the previous CFD simulations for the two dimensional situations, supporting the validity of the approach. More in depth and quantitative study is required before any of these models can be used in practice.

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