Israeli kindergarten children's gender constancy for others' counter-stereotypic toy play and appearance: the role of sibling gender and relative age

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Karniol
Keyword(s):  
Relative Age ◽  
Toy Play ◽  
Gender Constancy ◽  
Sibling Gender

Investigating the relationship between the relative age effect and leadership behaviors among male ice hockey players

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-768
Author(s):  
Laura Chittle ◽  
Sean Horton ◽  
Patricia Weir ◽  
Jess C Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Leadership Behaviors ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Weight Analysis ◽  
Male House

This study examined the role of relative age on leadership behaviors among male house league ice hockey players. Athletes completed an online survey that solicited their birthdate along with their responses to the leadership scale for sport. As expected, the results of our analyses revealed no relative age effects. Captains scored significantly higher on the training and instruction, democratic behavior and social support dimensions of the leadership scale for sport. While there were significant multivariate differences between birth quartile and the dimensions of leadership, a relative weight analysis revealed that quartile of birth did not differ significantly on any of these dimensions. Thus, male house league hockey players are not (dis)advantaged in terms of their leadership behaviors as a consequence of relative age.

Relative age effects in American professional football

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack F. Heneghan ◽  
Michael C. Herron
Keyword(s):  
Football Player ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
American Football ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Athletic Success

Abstract We test for the existence of relative age effects in professional American football. In a sample of 18,898 football players born on or after 1940, there is an excess of January and February births – consistent with a relative age effect associated with calendar year – as well as a slight increase in September births – consistent with the fact that some football players we analyze attended high school in states with fall school cutoff dates. We consider the possibility that relative age effects may affect skilled football positions more than positions relying heavily on player weight, and we find suggestive evidence of this. Lastly, and contrary to what has recently been shown in professional hockey, we find no evidence that misguided preferences for relatively older players lead to selection-based inefficiencies in football player drafting. Our results have implications for evaluating potential football players and speak broadly to the role of physiological factors beyond player control on athletic success.

scholarly journals Keeping it simple: the grammatical properties of shared book reading

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire H. NOBLE ◽  
Thea CAMERON-FAULKNER ◽  
Elena LIEVEN
Keyword(s):  
Reading Development ◽  
Book Reading ◽  
Shared Book Reading ◽  
Grammatical Development ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Toy Play

AbstractThe positive effects of shared book reading on vocabulary and reading development are well attested (e.g., Bus, van Ijzendoorn, & Pellegrini, 1995). However, the role of shared book reading in grammatical development remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a construction-based analysis of caregivers’ child-directed speech during shared book reading and toy play and compared the grammatical profile of the child-directed speech generated during the two activities. The findings indicate that (a) the child-directed speech generated by shared book reading contains significantly more grammatically rich constructions than child-directed speech generated by toy play, and (b) the grammatical profile of the book itself affects the grammatical profile of the child-directed speech generated by shared book reading.

scholarly journals The relative age effect in FIFA U-17 World Cup: The role of the playing position and the continent

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
ALI IŞIN ◽  
TUBA MELEKOĞLU
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Football Players ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the relative age effect of the countries which attended the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup and to research the relative age effect in terms of continents and the players’ position. Material and methods: 504 male football players from 24 countries which participated in the U-17 World Cup in India in 2017 were included in the study. Football players’ dates of birth were grouped into periods of three months in quarter years (Q): Q1 – January-March, Q2 – April-June, Q3 – July-September, Q4 – October-December. To study the sub-group differences of the relative age effect, meaningful chi-square (χ²) values were followed by calculating the odds ratio and %95 confidence intervals. To determine the effect size, Cramer’s V was used. Results: The relative age effect was based on quarter years’ distributions. Significant differences were found among age quartiles for all teams in FIFA U-17 World Cup. However, when the variables analysed were according to the continents, the relative age effect disappeared in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Conclusions: In the comparison of the players’ continents, a relative age effect was observed in Europe, North America, and South America. When the players’ positions are compared, a relative age effect was found in defenders, midfielders and forward players.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Relative Age Effect in Russian Soccer: The Role of Chronological Age and Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Nikolayevich Bezuglov ◽  
Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis ◽  
Vladimir Khaitin ◽  
Elvira Usmanova ◽  
Anastasiya Luibushkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Effect ◽  
Fourth Quarter ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Selection Of

The relative age effect (RAE) has been well studied in adolescent and adult soccer players; however, less information has been available about children engaged in regular soccer training and the role of performance. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of RAE in children and adolescent soccer players, as well as the role of age and performance. Russian soccer players (n = 10,446) of various ages, playing positions and performance levels were examined for their date of birth. It was observed that RAE was widespread in Russian soccer teams of all age groups. RAE was most pronounced in children teams of the top tier Russian soccer academies and junior Russia national teams, where the proportions of soccer players born in the first quarter were 43.9% and 39.8%, respectively, whereas those born in the fourth quarter of the year were 7.7% and 6.3%, respectively. In top tier soccer academies, RAE did not vary by age group. In the middle tier soccer academies, RAE was less pronounced. It was still prevalent in the junior teams of the top tier clubs of the Russian Premier League, where 14.3% of the soccer players were born in the fourth quarter of the year compared to 42.9% born in the first quarter of the year. RAE can be observed in the top tier Russian adult teams as well, although it is less pronounced there. In summary, RAE is highly prevalent in Russian children and junior soccer and is associated with the level of competitiveness. At the same time, the proportion of players born in the fourth quarter of the year is higher in adult teams than in junior and youth teams, which is most likely due to the wider selection of players, not limited by their age and place of residence. In junior teams, RAE results in a bias towards selection of players who are more physically mature, whereas children who may be more talented but are less developed due to their younger chronological age tend to be overlooked.

Appearance–reality distinction and development of gender constancy understanding in children

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanns Martin Trautner ◽  
Judit Gervai ◽  
Rita Németh
Keyword(s):  
Strong Association ◽  
Facial Mask ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
German Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Constancy ◽  
The Relationship

In two independent studies, the relationship between children’s ability to distinguish appearance from reality (AR) and their understanding of gender constancy1 (GC) was examined. In Study 1, German children ( N = 130) aged 3;8 to 9;5 years were tested (1) in four standard AR tasks, and (2) by 21 items related to the three stages of gender constancy understanding. In Study 2, Hungarian children ( N = 75) aged 3;0 to 6;0 years responded to (1) appearance and reality questions while they or an experimenter were wearing a facial mask, and (2) a gender constancy interview using Bem’s(1989) photographs and scripts. In Study 2, the role of genital knowledge was also examined. For gender consistency questions, children were asked about appearance (“ looks like”) and reality (“ really is”) in both studies. Applying pass–fail criteria to AR and GC responses, children in both studies were grouped as “ realists” vs. “ nonrealists” and as “ gender-constant” vs. “ non-gender-constant”. The two studies converged in finding a strong association between the ability to distinguish appearance from reality and gender constancy understanding. The observed association between AR and GC was independent of age and children’s genital knowledge. However, while the results of Study 1 suggested that the AR distinction precedes sex-category constancy, in Study 2 the two abilities appeared to develop concurrently. Further, children in Study 1 achieved both AR and GC at a later age than children in Study 2.

scholarly journals Epigenetic clock and DNA methylation analysis of porcine models of aging and obesity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle M. Schachtschneider ◽  
Lawrence B Schook ◽  
Jennifer J. Meudt ◽  
Dhanansayan Shanmuganayagam ◽  
Joseph A. Zoller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Epigenetic Clock ◽  
Miniature Swine ◽  
Methylation Array ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Sus Scrofa Domesticus ◽  
Kidney Liver

AbstractDNA-methylation profiles have been used successfully to develop highly accurate biomarkers of age, epigenetic clocks, for many species. Using a custom methylation array, we generated DNA methylation data from n=238 porcine tissues including blood, bladder, frontal cortex, kidney, liver and lung, from domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and minipigs (Wisconsin Miniature Swine™). We present 4 epigenetic clocks for pigs that are distinguished by their compatibility with tissue type (pan-tissue and blood clock) and species (pig and human). Two dual-species human-pig pan-tissue clocks accurately measure chronological age and relative age, respectively. We also characterized CpGs that differ between minipigs and domestic pigs. Strikingly, several genes implicated by our epigenetic studies of minipig status overlap with genes (ADCY3, TFAP2B, SKOR1, and GPR61) implicated by genetic studies of body mass index in humans. In addition, CpGs with different levels of methylation between the two pig breeds were identified proximal to genes involved in blood LDL levels and cholesterol synthesis, of particular interest given the minipig’s increased susceptibility to cardiovascular disease compared to domestic pigs. Thus, inbred differences of domestic and minipigs may potentially help to identify biological mechanisms underlying weight gain and aging-associated diseases. Our porcine clocks are expected to be useful for elucidating the role of epigenetics in aging and obesity, and the testing of anti-aging interventions.

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