Parameterizing canopy resistance using mechanistic and semi-empirical estimates of hourly evapotranspiration: critical evaluation for irrigated crops in the Mediterranean

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Katerji ◽  
Gianfranco Rana ◽  
Salim Fahed
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Canopy Resistance ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Irrigated Crops ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Semi Empirical

A Golden Tree in the “Garden of Pages”

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Joel Pattison
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean

This article offers a critical evaluation of a purported diplomatic mission from Genoa to the Marīnid sultan of Morocco, Abū Yaʿqūb Yusuf (r. 1286–1307 CE). Ibn Abī Zarʿ, author of a famous chronicle known as the Rawḍ al-qirṭās, or “Garden of Pages,” recorded the arrival of the Genoese along with their impressive gift: a golden or gilded tree with singing birds. His inclusion of the episode in a narrative otherwise devoted to the deeds of the dynasty and history of Fez raises several interesting questions. How did the Genoese construct or acquire the tree? Why was the nature of this gift important, and what might have been the goals of the Genoese embassy in bringing such a costly object along? I propose that we understand the embassy and its inclusion in the narrative as part of a Marīnid desire to promote the dynasty as legitimate heirs of previous Islamic rulers. This desire made use of symbols of pious and wise kingship, including the mechanical marvel represented by the tree, which bore an impressive ideological pedigree in Islamic and Christian literary and representational traditions. For their part, the Genoese may have been motivated by a desire to repair relations with Abū Yaʿqūb damaged by the activity of Benedetto Zaccaria in the straits of Gibraltar. Taken as a whole, this brief but under-studied event suggests both the Mediterranean scope of this symbol of kingship and its use by medieval diplomats to achieve practical ends.

A Critical Evaluation of Microbial Product Formation in Biological Processes

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 517-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Rittmann ◽  
W. Bae ◽  
E. Namkung ◽  
C.-J. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Monod Kinetics ◽  
Degradation Model ◽  
Microbial Product ◽  
Semi Empirical

A critical evaluation of the characteristics of soluble microbial products (SMP) indicates that SMP is comprised of many different types and sizes of molecules and is biodegradable. A portion of SMP is formed at a rate proportional to the rate of substrate utilization (UAP), while the rest is formed at a rate proportional to the concentration of active biomass (BAP). These characteristics are incorporated into a mathematical model that includes the following components: substrate utilization and biomass growth according to Monod kinetics, SMP formation kinetics in proportion to substrate utilization rate and to biomass accumulation, and SMP degradation according to a semi-empirical multi-component degradation model. The SMP formation/degradation model successfully describes the fractional conversion of substrate into SMP, including the observed trends of increasing conversion at high and low sludge ages. In addition to activated sludge, the model is applied to anaerobic treatment and to biofilm processes.

Article

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 679-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
GWF Drake ◽  
W C Martin
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Precision Measurements ◽  
Ionization Energies ◽  
Transition Energies ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Comprehensive Listing ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
S States ◽  
Asymptotic Scaling

Ionization energies for several of the lower lying S- and P-states of helium are deduced from a combination of theory and a variety of high-precision measurements of transition energies. High-precision variational methods are reviewed and used to subtract the nonrelativistic energy and lowest order α2 au relativistic corrections from the ionization energies. The remaining quantum electrodynamic (QED) shift of order α3 au and higher is calculated in an extended Kabir–Salpeter formalism and compared with experiment. The comparison verifies the usefulness of the Kabir–Salpeter formalism for terms at least up to order α4 au, and it verifies an asymptotic 1/n3 scaling law for the two-electron corrections to the Bethe logarithm. The asymptotic scaling law is used to obtain improved semi-empirical estimates for the ionization energies of the higher lying 1sns 1S and 3S states up to n = 10. A revised comprehensive listing is given for the ionization energies of all states of helium up to n = 10 and angular momentum L = 7, together with quantum defect extrapolations for the S-states. PACS Nos.: 31.15.Pf, 31.30.Jv, and 32.10.Hq

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