Intrahippocampal administration of BDNF in adult rats affects short-term behavioral plasticity in the Morris water maze and performance in the elevated plus-maze

Hippocampus ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 802-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Cirulli ◽  
Alessandra Berry ◽  
Flavia Chiarotti ◽  
Enrico Alleva
Keyword(s):  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals Memory Enhancing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Delonix regia Leaves against Scopolamine induced Amnesia in Swiss Albino Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwathi Ravichandar ◽  
K.A.S. Mohammed Shafeeq ◽  
S. Karpagam Kumara Sundari ◽  
R. Senthamarai
Keyword(s):  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Delonix Regia ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Memory Enhancing

In traditional system of medicine, various parts of Delonix regia have been used for many ailments. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the memory enhancing activity of Ethanolic Extract of Delonix regia leaves (EEDRL) against scopolamine induced amnesia by using Elevated Plus Maze, Y Maze and Morris Water Maze Models. Ethanolic Extract of Delonix regia was prepared then subjected to phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, phenols and saponins. Acute oral toxicity was performed as per OECD guidelines 423. Based on this, two dose levels of EEDRL were chosen as 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg for pharmacological screening. Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups of six animals each. EEDRL at a dose levels 200 mg/kg & 400 mg/kg showed increase in inflexion ratio in Elevated Plus Maze, increase in Percentage alterations in Y Maze & decrease in Escape latency in Morris Water Maze Model compared to disease control in dose dependent manner which indicates that the EEDRL reverses the scopolamine induced amnesia in mice. The memory enhancing activity in mice might be due to facilitation of cholinergic transmission. Hence it can be concluded that Delonix regia appears to be a promising candidate for improving memory, and it would be worthwhile to explore the potential of this plant in the management of Alzheimer patient.

scholarly journals Amelioration of Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic, Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects of Ficus benghalensis in Behavioral Experimental Models

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Humna Malik ◽  
Sana Javaid ◽  
Muhammad Fawad Rasool ◽  
Noreen Samad ◽  
Syed Rizwan Ahamad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Phytochemical Studies

Background and Objectives: Ficus benghalensis (FB) is a commonly found tree in Pakistan and its various parts have folkloric importance in managing neurological ailments. In the present study, methanolic extract of its bark has been tested on an experimental animal model to evaluate memory-enhancing, anxiolytic and antidepressant activities to validate the claimed therapeutic potential. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract of freshly isolated bark was prepared and subjected to preliminary phytochemical studies and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis for the presence of phytocomponents. To evaluate its effect on spatial learning, passive-avoidance test–step through (PAT-ST), Y-maze and Morris water maze (MWM) tests were carried out. Open-field (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests were employed to explore the anti-anxiety potential of FB while a forced swimming test (FST) was utilized to assess its anti-depressant prospective. FB doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg with positive and negative controls given to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Results: phytochemical studies showed the presence of various phytoconstituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolics and anthraquinones. The presence of synephrine, aspargine, glucose, fructose and fatty acids was revealed by GC–MS analysis. FB administration led to significant improved memory retention when evaluated through passive avoidance (p < 0.05), Y-maze (p < 0.05) and Morris water maze (p < 0.05) tests in a scopolamine model of amnesic rats. When tested by open field and elevated plus maze tests, FB demonstrated anxiety-resolving characteristics (p < 0.05) as animals dared to stay in open areas more than a control group. Mobility time was increased and immobility time was reduced (p < 0.05–0.01) in rats treated with FB, unveiling the anti-depressant importance of F. benghalensis. Conclusion: methanolic extract of F. benghalensis bark furnished scientific proof behind folkloric claims of the memory improving, anxiety-reducing and depression-resolving characteristics of the plant. These activities might be possible due to interaction of its phytoconstituents with serotonergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic and GABAergic systems in the brain.

scholarly journals Characterization of mice lacking the gene for cholecystokinin

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. R803-R810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Min Lo ◽  
Linda C. Samuelson ◽  
James Brad Chambers ◽  
Alexandra King ◽  
Justin Heiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Fat Absorption ◽  
Running Wheel ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Intestinal Fat Absorption

CCK acts peripherally as a satiating peptide released during meals in response to lipid feeding and centrally functions in the modulation of feeding, exploratory, and memory activities. The present study determined metabolic parameters, food intake, anxiety-like behaviors, and cognitive function in mice lacking the CCK gene. We studied intestinal fat absorption, body composition, and food intake of CCK knockout (CCK-KO) mice by using the noninvasive measurement of intestinal fat absorption along with quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) imaging and the DietMax system, respectively. Additionally, exploratory and memory capacities were assessed by monitoring running wheel activity and conducting elevated plus-maze and Morris water-maze tests with these mice. Compared with wild-type (WT) littermate controls, CCK-KO mice had normal food intake, fat absorption, body weight, and body mass. CCK-KO mice ate more food than control animals during the light period and less food during the dark period. Energy expenditure was unchanged between the genotypes; however, CCK-KO mice displayed greater fatty acid oxidation. CCK-KO mice were as active as WT animals in the running wheel test. CCK-KO mice spent more time in the closed arms of an elevated plus-maze, indicative of increased anxiety. Additionally, CCK-KO mice exhibited attenuated performance in a passive avoidance task and impaired spatial memory in the Morris water maze test. We conclude that CCK is involved in metabolic rate and is important for memory and exploration. CCK is intimately involved in multiple processes related to cognitive function and food intake regulation.

scholarly journals The effect of intra-amygdalar leptin administration on anxiety, depression and learning behaviors in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-335
Author(s):  
Hayriye SOYTURK ◽  
Bihter Gökçe BOZAT ◽  
Hamit COŞKUN ◽  
Fatma PEHLİVAN KARAKAŞ
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Leptin is released by adipose tissue. Leptin can cross the blood–brain barrier and bind to receptors on neurons in brain areas to exert its biological function when released into circulation. This study aimed to determine the influences of intra-amygdalar administration of high and low doses of leptin on anxiety, depression, learning behaviors of rats. In the experimental protocol I, intra-amygdalar injection of high and low doses of leptin (0.1 and 1 μg/ kg) and saline were administered 30 min before the behavioral tests. Then, the animals were exposed to open field, elevated plus maze, Porsolt and Morris water maze tests for measuring of behaviors. In experimental protocol 2, the cerebrospinal fluids of all groups of experimental protocol 1 were collected by microdialysis method and then were analyzed by HPLC. The effect of the low dose of leptin was significant on the open field. The effect of the high and low dose of leptin was significant on the elevated plus maze test. The effect of the low dose of leptin was significant on mobility in the center of the Porsolt. A high dose of leptin group had spent less time around the platform than controls in the Morris water maze test. HPLC analysis showed that the amount of serotonin and glutamate in the amygdala region increased after low dose leptin administration. Intra-amygdalar injection of low doses of leptin may decrease anxiety and depression-like behavior in rats by increasing serotonin and glutamate levels in the amygdala.

scholarly journals Memory-Enhancing Activity of Palmatine in Mice Using Elevated Plus Maze and Morris Water Maze

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Dhingra ◽  
Varun Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Improved Learning ◽  
Memory Enhancing ◽  
Brain Acetylcholinesterase

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of palmatine on memory of Swiss young male albino mice. Palmatine (0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/kg,i.p.) and physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg,i.p.) per se were administered for 10 successive days to separate groups of mice. Effect of drugs on learning and memory of mice was evaluated using elevated plus maze and Morris water maze. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity was also estimated. Effect of palmatine on scopolamine- and diazepam-induced amnesia was also investigated. Palmatine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) and physostigmine significantly improved learning and memory of mice, as indicated by decrease in transfer latency using elevated plus maze, and decrease in escape latency during training and increase in time spent in target quadrant during retrieval using Morris water maze. The drugs did not show any significant effect on locomotor activity of the mice. Memory-enhancing activity of palmatine (1 mg/kg) was comparable to physostigmine. Palmatine (1 mg/kg) significantly reversed scopolamine- and diazepam-induced amnesia in mice. Palmatine and physostigmine also significantly reduced brain acetylcholinesterase activity of mice. Thus, palmatine showed memory-enhancing activity in mice probably by inhibiting brain acetylcholinesterase activity, through involvement of GABA-benzodiazepine pathway, and due to its antioxidant activity.

Ellagic Acid Administration Negated the Development of Streptozotocin-Induced Memory Deficit in Rats

Drug Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (07) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Bansal ◽  
Pushplata Yadav ◽  
Manish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Ellagic Acid ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Plus Maze

AbstractRampant production of pro-oxidants and inadequate antioxidant availability in brain exert oxidative stress, which in synergism with impaired glucose metabolism and inflammation leads to neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits. Ellagic acid (EGA) is a phenolic compound present in various fruits and is reported to possess robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the effect of EGA administration on streptozotocin (STZ) induced dementia in rats. Bilateral intracerebroventricle (ICV) injection of STZ (3 mg/kg) was given to Wistar rats (200 g) on day 1 and 3. EGA (17.5 and 35 mg/kg) was administered orally to rats for 28 days daily. The spatial memory of rats was quantified by using Morris water maze and elevated plus maze. Brain TBARS, GSH and TNF-α were also measured. Administration of EGA prevented the induction of STZ-ICV triggered cognitive deficits as evident by a significant (p<0.05) reduction in mean escape latency during acquisition trial and increased (p<0.05) time spent in target quadrant during retrieval trial in Morris water maze test, and reduction (p<0.05) in transfer latency in elevated plus maze test. Furthermore, both the doses of EGA attenuated STZ-ICV induced rise in brain TBARS as well as TNF-α and simultaneously enhanced the GSH content. Thus, EGA ameliorated STZ-induced dementia by probably restoring the balance between cellular pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants in brain of rats.

scholarly journals Targeting isoaspartate-modified Aβ rescues behavioral deficits in transgenic mice with Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Gnoth ◽  
Anke Piechotta ◽  
Martin Kleinschmidt ◽  
Sandra Konrath ◽  
Mathias Schenk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Antibody Molecule ◽  
Aβ Peptides ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
5Xfad Mice

Abstract Background Amyloid β (Aβ)-directed immunotherapy has shown promising results in preclinical and early clinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) trials, but successful translation to late clinics has failed so far. Compelling evidence suggests that post-translationally modified Aβ peptides might play a decisive role in onset and progression of AD and first clinical trials targeting such Aβ variants have been initiated. Modified Aβ represents a small fraction of deposited material in plaques compared to pan-Aβ epitopes, opening up pathways for tailored approaches of immunotherapy. Here, we generated the first monoclonal antibodies that recognize l-isoaspartate-modified Aβ (isoD7-Aβ) and tested a lead antibody molecule in 5xFAD mice. Methods This work comprises a combination of chemical and biochemical techniques as well as behavioral analyses. Aβ peptides, containing l-isoaspartate at position 7, were chemically synthesized and used for immunization of mice and antibody screening methods. Biochemical methods included anti-isoD7-Aβ monoclonal antibody characterization by surface plasmon resonance, immunohistochemical staining of human and transgenic mouse brain, and the development and application of isoD7-Aβ ELISA as well as different non-modified Aβ ELISA. For antibody treatment studies, 12 mg/kg anti-isoD7-Aβ antibody K11_IgG2a was applied intraperitoneally to 5xFAD mice for 38 weeks. Treatment controls implemented were IgG2a isotype as negative and 3D6_IgG2a, the parent molecule of bapineuzumab, as positive control antibodies. Behavioral studies included elevated plus maze, pole test, and Morris water maze. Results Our advanced antibody K11 showed a KD in the low nM range and > 400fold selectivity for isoD7-Aβ compared to other Aβ variants. By using this antibody, we demonstrated that formation of isoD7-Aβ may occur after formation of aggregates; hence, the presence of the isoD7-modification differentiates aged Aβ from newly formed peptides. Importantly, we also show that the Tottori mutation responsible for early-onset AD in a Japanese pedigree is characterized by massively accelerated formation of isoD7-Aβ in cell culture. The presence of isoD7-Aβ was verified by K11 in post mortem human cortex and 5xFAD mouse brain tissue. Passive immunization of 5xFAD mice resulted in a significant reduction of isoD7-Aβ and total Aβ in brain. Amelioration of cognitive impairment was demonstrated by Morris water maze, elevated plus maze, pole, and contextual fear conditioning tests. Interestingly, despite the lower abundance of the isoD7-Aβ epitope, the application of anti-isoD7-Aβ antibodies showed comparable treatment efficacy in terms of reduction of brain amyloid and spatial learning but did not result in an increase of plasma Aβ concentration as observed with 3D6 treatment. Conclusions The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that the antibody-mediated targeting of isoD7-modified Aβ peptides leads to attenuation of AD-like amyloid pathology. In conjunction with previously published data on antibodies directed against pGlu-modified Aβ, the results highlight the crucial role of modified Aβ peptides in AD pathophysiology. Hence, the results also underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting modified amyloid species for defining tailored approaches in AD therapy.

scholarly journals Behavioral characteristics as potential biomarkers of the development and phenotype of epilepsy in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Nizinska ◽  
Kinga Szydlowska ◽  
Avgoustinos Vouros ◽  
Anna Kiryk ◽  
Aleksandra Stepniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Spontaneous Seizures ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Behavioral Impairments

AbstractThe present study performed a detailed analysis of behavior in a rat model of epilepsy using both established and novel methodologies to identify behavioral impairments that may differentiate between animals with a short versus long latency to spontaneous seizures and animals with a low versus high number of seizures. Temporal lobe epilepsy was induced by electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Rats were stimulated for 25 min with 100-ms trains of 1-ms biphasic square-wave pluses that were delivered every 0.5 s. Electroencephalographic recordings were performed to classify rats into groups with a short latency (< 20 days, n = 7) and long latency (> 20 days, n = 8) to the first spontaneous seizure and into groups with a low number of seizures (62 ± 64.5, n = 8) and high number of seizures (456 ± 185, n = 7). To examine behavioral impairments, we applied the following behavioral tests during early and late stages of epilepsy: behavioral hyperexcitability, open field, novel object exploration, elevated plus maze, and Morris water maze. No differences in stress levels (e.g., touch response in the behavioral hyperexcitability test), activity (e.g., number of entries into the open arms of the elevated plus maze), or learning (e.g., latency to find the platform in the Morris water maze test during training days) were observed between animals with a short versus long latency to develop spontaneous seizures or between animals with a low versus high number of seizures. However, we found a higher motor activity measured by higher number of entries into the closed arms of the elevated plus maze at week 26 post-stimulation in animals with a high number of seizures compared with animals with a low number of seizures. The analysis of the Morris water maze data categorized the strategies that the animals used to locate the platform showing that the intensity of epilepsy and duration of epileptogenesis influenced swimming strategies. These findings indicate that behavioral impairments were relatively mild in the present model, but some learning strategies may be useful biomarkers in preclinical studies.

scholarly journals Effects of Insulin against Aluminium Induced Neurotoxicity in Wistar Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
MD Amir Alam ◽  
Garima Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Rotarod Test ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Plus Maze

Aluminium toxicity is well known to cause neurotoxicity leading to Alzheimer disease with dementia. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of Insulin in Aluminium induced neurotoxicity. Thirty male wistar rats randomized into three groups (group V, C, T) of ten each were used for the study after obtaining institutional animal ethics committee approval. Chronic aluminium neurotoxicity was induced in the rats and the neurobehavior was evaluated using Morris water maze test, elevated plus maze test and rotarod test using standard methodologies. Group C rats exhibited significant deviation in performance of behavioural test of the study during day 1 (Morris water maze test- 18.6±9.5, elevated plus maze test- 34.9±1.9, rotarod test- 118.6±15.2) and day 30 (Morris water maze test- 64.5±4.6, elevated plus maze test- 72.1±3.9, rotarod test- 110.7±9.3). Rats of group T showed decrease in behavioural changes induced by aluminium toxicity (P value: Morris water maze test-0.0002, elevated plus maze test- 0.0007 and rotarod test- 0.015). Insulin may play a role in neuroprotection against toxicity similar to that of aluminium induced neurotoxicity.

scholarly journals Down-Regulation of Homer1b/c Protects Against Chemically Induced Seizures Through Inhibition of mTOR Signaling

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1633-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Cao ◽  
Ye Tian ◽  
Yi Jiang ◽  
Ge-Juan Zhang ◽  
Hui Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Mtor Pathway ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
C Protein ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Seizure Models

Background: Homer is a family of post synaptic density proteins functionally and physically attached to target proteins at proline-rich sequences. Reducing Homer1b/c expression has been shown in previous studies to be protective against excitotoxic insults, implicating Homer1b/c in the physiological regulation of aberrant neuronal excitability. Methods: To test the efficacy of a Homer1b/c reducing therapy for disorders with a detrimental hyperexcitability profile in mice, we used small interfere RNA (siRNA) to decrease endogenous Homer1b/c expression in mouse hippocampus. The baseline motor and cognitive behavior was measured by sensorimotor tests, Morris water maze and elevated plus maze tasks. The anti-epileptic effects of Homer1b/c knockdown were determined in two chemically induced seizure models induced by Picrotoxin (PTX) or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) administration. Results: The results of sensorimotor tests, Morris water maze and elevated plus maze tasks showed that Homer1b/c reduction had no effect on baseline motor or cognitive behavior. In two chemically induced seizure models, mice with reduced Homerb/c protein had less severe seizures than control mice. Total Homer1b/c protein levels and seizure severity were highly correlated, such that those mice with the most severe seizures also had the highest levels of Homer1b/c. In addition, the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its target protein S6 was significantly inhibited in Homer1b/c down-regulated mice. Homer1b/c knockdown-induced inhibition of mTOR pathway was partially ablated by the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) agonist CHPG. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that endogenous Homer1b/c is integral for regulating neuronal hyperexcitability in adult animals and suggest that reduction of Homer1b/c could protect against chemically induced seizures through inhibition mTOR pathway.

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