scholarly journals Dissociable theta networks underlie the switch and mixing costs during task switching

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montana McKewen ◽  
Patrick S. Cooper ◽  
Patrick Skippen ◽  
Aaron S. W. Wong ◽  
Patricia T. Michie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Mixing Costs

The Flip Side of the Auditory Spatial Selection Benefit

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iring Koch ◽  
Vera Lawo
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Auditory Task ◽  
Numerical Magnitude ◽  
Attention Shifting ◽  
Gender Selection ◽  
Spatial Selection ◽  
Number Words ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
Experimental Group

In cued auditory task switching, one of two dichotically presented number words, spoken by a female and a male, had to be judged according to its numerical magnitude. One experimental group selected targets by speaker gender and another group by ear of presentation. In mixed-task blocks, the target-defining feature (male/female vs. left/right) was cued prior to each trial, but in pure blocks it remained constant. Compared to selection by gender, selection by ear led to better performance in pure blocks than in mixed blocks, resulting in larger “global” mixing costs for ear-based selection. Selection by ear also led to larger “local” switch costs in mixed blocks, but this finding was partially mediated by differential cue-repetition benefits. Together, the data suggest that requirements of attention shifting diminish the auditory spatial selection benefit.

scholarly journals Task switching: effects of practice on switch and mixing costs

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilo Strobach ◽  
Roman Liepelt ◽  
Torsten Schubert ◽  
Andrea Kiesel
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Mixing Costs

Modulation of Executive Control in the Task Switching Paradigm With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilo Strobach ◽  
Daria Antonenko ◽  
Tamara Schindler ◽  
Agnes Flöel ◽  
Torsten Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
Task Experience ◽  
And Task

Abstract. Executive processing in the task switching paradigm is primarily associated with activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), demonstrated in numerous functional imaging studies (e.g., Brass & von Cramon, 2002 ). However, there are only very few attempts to modulate neural activation related with executive functions and to investigate the effects of this modulation on the performance in this paradigm. To modulate lPFC activity here, we used the non-invasive transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS; atDCS [1 mA, 20 min] vs. ctDCS [1 mA, 20 min] vs. sham stimulation [1 mA, 30 s]) over the left inferior frontal junction under conditions of single tasks, task repetitions, and task switches in the task switching paradigm. We assessed the performance effects of online tDCS on mixing costs (single tasks vs. task repetitions) as well as on switching costs (task repetitions vs. task switches). In a within-subjects design across three sessions, there was no evidence of stimulation on the magnitude of these cost types. However, when taking a between-subjects perspective in the first session (i.e., after excluding dominant effects of task experience), atDCS showed an increase in mixing costs in contrast to ctDCS and sham. We interpreted this finding in the context of task switching theories on task activation and task inhibition and their neural localizations.

Relationship between Task-Switching and Task-Mixing Costs

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gijsbert Stoet ◽  
Daryl B. O'Connor ◽  
Mark T. Conner
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
And Task

scholarly journals Bilingualism confers advantages in task switching: Evidence from the dimensional change card sort task

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1091-1109
Author(s):  
HWAJIN YANG ◽  
ANDREE HARTANTO ◽  
SUJIN YANG
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Switching Performance ◽  
Pure Block ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

We examined the influence of bilingualism on task switching by inspecting various markers for task-switching costs. English monolinguals and Korean–English bilinguals completed a modified Dimensional Change Card Sort task based on a nonverbal task-switching paradigm. We found advantages for Korean–English bilinguals in terms of smaller single-task (pure-block) switch costs and greater reactivation benefits than those of English monolinguals. However, bilingual advantages in mixing costs were relatively weak, and the two groups did not differ on local switch costs. Notably, when we approximated the cue-based priming effect in single-task (pure) blocks, we found no evidence that the locus of bilingual advantages in task-switching performance is attributable to a basic cue-priming effect. Taken together, our results suggest that bilingualism is conducive to task switching via facilitation in control processing, including inhibition of proactive interferences and efficient adaptation to abstract task-set reactivation.

scholarly journals Fronto-parietal homotopy in resting-state functional connectivity predicts task-switching performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonino Vallesi ◽  
Antonino Visalli ◽  
Zeus Gracia-Tabuenca ◽  
Vincenza Tarantino ◽  
Mariagrazia Capizzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Switching Performance ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractHomotopic functional connectivity reflects the degree of synchrony in spontaneous activity between homologous voxels in the two hemispheres. Previous studies have associated increased brain homotopy and decreased white matter integrity with performance decrements on different cognitive tasks across the life-span. Here, we correlated functional homotopy, both at the whole-brain level and specifically in fronto-parietal network nodes, with task-switching performance in young adults. Cue-to-target intervals (CTI: 300 vs. 1200 ms) were manipulated on a trial-by-trial basis to modulate cognitive demands and strategic control. We found that mixing costs, a measure of task-set maintenance and monitoring, were significantly correlated to homotopy in different nodes of the fronto-parietal network depending on CTI. In particular, mixing costs for short CTI trials were smaller with lower homotopy in the superior frontal gyrus, whereas mixing costs for long CTI trials were smaller with lower homotopy in the supramarginal gyrus. These results were specific to the fronto-parietal network, as similar voxel-wise analyses within a control language network did not yield significant correlations with behavior. These findings extend previous literature on the relationship between homotopy and cognitive performance to task-switching, and show a dissociable role of homotopy in different fronto-parietal nodes depending on task demands.

Age Differences in Memory-Based Task Switching With and Without Cues

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei A. Schapkin ◽  
Patrick D. Gajewski ◽  
Gabriele Freude
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
And Task

The study investigated the neuronal mechanisms of age-related changes in mixing costs during memory-based task switching with two levels of working memory (WM) load. Forty-eight healthy younger and 45 healthy older participants performed a memory based (high WM load) and a memory plus cue based (low WM load) switching task while event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were registered. Older adults revealed larger mixing costs in both reaction time (RT) and accuracy at higher WM loads than younger adults. The presence of explicit cues substantially reduced age differences in mixing costs for accuracy but not for RT. Similarly, no age differences regarding local switch costs were found at lower WM load. Surprisingly, larger RT local costs in younger adults than in older adults were found in the memory-based block. The CNV was reduced under high WM load and positively correlated with accuracy mixing costs in older adults. The target-locked occipital N1 and fronto-central P2 were larger in older adults relative to younger adults irrespective of WM load. The P2 latency reflected the pattern of switch costs observed in behavioral data. Moreover, P2 latency positively correlated with RT mixing costs in older adults. Elderly also showed a delayed N2 and a delayed and reduced P3b. The results suggest that age-related differences in mixing costs may be partially due to a less efficient task preparation and task set maintenance (CNV) in elderly. However, elderly attempted to compensate for these deficits by permanent activation of mechanisms relating to stimulus encoding (N1) and task-set retrieval (P2). Finally, the delayed fronto-central N2 as well as the delayed and reduced parietal P3b strongly suggest delays of response selection and working memory updating in elderly due to an increase in selection threshold or in response selection variability constituting the performance decline.

How conceptual overlap and modality pairings affect task-switching and mixing costs

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 1020-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Schacherer ◽  
Eliot Hazeltine
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Mixing Costs

Basal Ganglia Play a Unique Role in Task Switching within the Frontal-Subcortical Circuits: Evidence from Patients with Focal Lesions

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1079-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einat Yehene ◽  
Nachshon Meiran ◽  
Nachum Soroker
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Response Repetition ◽  
Focal Lesions ◽  
Repetition Effects ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Task Rule ◽  
Abnormal Response ◽  
Mixing Costs

The performance of patients with lesions involving the basal ganglia (BG) was compared to that of patients with prefrontal (PFC) lesions, thalamic (TH) lesions, and age-matched controls in order to examine the specific role of the BG within the frontal-subcortical circuits (FSCC) in task switching. All the BG patients and none of the other participants showed a marked increase in error rate in incongruent trials where correct responses depended upon the choice of the correct task rule. Some BG patients erred in failing to switch tasks and others failed despite their attempt to switch tasks. Additionally, reaction time results indicate abnormal response repetition effects among the BG patients; failure in benefiting from advance task information among all the patients; and increased task mixing costs following PFC lesions. The authors conclude that although the frontal-subcortical circuits jointly determine some behaviors (such as benefiting from preparation), the BG play a unique role within the FSCC in action selection and/or the inhibition of irrelevant information.

scholarly journals A bilingual advantage in task switching? Age-related differences between German monolinguals and Dutch-Frisian bilinguals

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIENKE HOUTZAGER ◽  
WANDER LOWIE ◽  
SIMONE SPRENGER ◽  
KEES DE BOT
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Switching Costs ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Related Language ◽  
Mixing Costs

This study investigated whether lifelong bilingualism can be associated with enhanced executive control, particularly mental flexibility, and with a modulation of an age-related decline in these functions. We compared performance of middle-aged and elderly speakers of German and bilingual speakers of Dutch and Frisian in a cued task-switching paradigm. All bilinguals were fluent in the same, closely-related language pairs. Bilinguals incurred significantly lower switching costs than monolinguals, and elderly bilinguals were less affected by an age-related increase in switching costs than monolinguals. Bilinguals did not differ from monolinguals in the size of the mixing costs. Our findings suggest that lifelong bilingualism correlates with enhanced ability to shift between mental sets, as well as increased resistance to proactive interference. The fact that we found significant group differences – while some previous studies did not – may be attributable to the choice of our task and to the cognateness of the languages involved.

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