scholarly journals Convergence of human brain mapping tools: Neuronavigated TMS Parameters and fMRI activity in the hand motor area

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1107-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Sophia Sarfeld ◽  
Svenja Diekhoff ◽  
Ling E. Wang ◽  
Gianpiero Liuzzi ◽  
Kamil Uludağ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Human Brain Mapping ◽  
Hand Motor Area

Astronomia nova to human brain mapping

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1453-1454
Author(s):  
Rik Vandenberghe
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Human Brain Mapping

Z-Score EEG Biofeedback: Past, Present, and Future

Biofeedback ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-103
Author(s):  
Robert W. Thatcher ◽  
Joel F. Lubar ◽  
J. Lucas Koberda
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Eeg Biofeedback ◽  
Reference Database ◽  
Symptom Checklist ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Human Brain Mapping

Human electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback (neurofeedback) started in the 1940s using one EEG recording channel, then four channels in the 1990s, and in 2004, expanded to 19 channels using Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) of the microampere three-dimensional current sources of the EEG. In 2004–2006 the concept of a real-time comparison of the EEG to a healthy reference database was developed and tested using surface EEG z score neurofeedback based on a statistical bell curve called real-time z scores. The real-time or live normative reference database comparison was developed to help reduce the uncertainty of what threshold to select to activate a feedback signal and to unify all EEG measures to a single value (i.e., the distance from the mean of an age-matched reference sample). In 2009 LORETA z score neurofeedback further increased specificity by targeting brain network hubs referred to as Brodmann areas. A symptom checklist program to help link symptoms to dysregulation of brain networks based on fMRI and positron emission tomography (PET) and neurology was created in 2009. The symptom checklist and National Institutes of Health–based networks linking symptoms to brain networks grew out of the human brain mapping program started in 1990 that continues today. A goal is to increase specificity of EEG biofeedback by targeting brain network hubs and connections between hubs likely linked to the patient's symptoms. Developments first introduced in 2017 provide increased resolution of three-dimensional source localization with 12,700 voxels using swLORETA with the capacity to conduct cerebellar neurofeedback and neurofeedback of subcortical brain hubs such as the thalamus, amygdala, and habenula. Future applications of swLORETA z score neurofeedback represent another example of the transfer of knowledge gained by the human brain mapping initiatives to further aid in helping people with cognition problems as well as balance problems and parkinsonism. A brief review of the past, present, and future predictions of z score neurofeedback are discussed with special emphasis on new developments that point toward a bright and enlightened future in the field of EEG biofeedback.

scholarly journals Using 10CO2 for Single Subject Characterization of the Stimulus Frequency Dependence in Visual Cortex: A Novel Positron Emission Tomography Tracer for Human Brain Mapping

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1003-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Law ◽  
Mikael Jensen ◽  
Søren Holm ◽  
Robert J. Nickles ◽  
Olaf B. Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Human Brain Mapping ◽  
Pet Tracer ◽  
Positron Emission

Carbon-10–labeled carbon dioxide (10CO2) with a half-life of 19.3 seconds offers almost ideal characteristics as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for assessment of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) distribution, enabling multiple independent measurements at short intervals. To appraise the feasibility of 10CO2 for localizing and characterizing human brain function in single subjects, the authors chose a well-characterized activation paradigm. In 6 healthy volunteers, 50 to 64 independent PET scans of the rCBF distribution were acquired while viewing an annular reversing checkerboard presented at 10 reversal frequencies between 0.03 and 30 Hz. Changes in regional cerebral activity as a function of reversal frequency were modeled in every subject using a set of polynomial basis functions, which, as predicted, showed highly significant second or third order relations located in the striatal cortex. Correlation coefficients (R2) ranged from 0.46 to 0.63. The average intersubject maximal response relative to the 0.03 Hz condition was 8.0% ± 1.7% SD occurring at stimulus contrast reversal frequencies between 6 and 15 Hz with an average of 11.8 ± 3.8 (SD) Hz. From the qualitative and quantitative replication of previous results it is concluded that 10CO2 PET is a feasible technique for human brain mapping studies and a great improvement compared with the existing oxygen-15–labeled water (H215 O) PET method, particularly for single subject studies and parametric design.

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