C1q and SRPX2 regulate microglia mediated synapse elimination during early development in the visual thalamus but not the visual cortex

Glia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qifei Cong ◽  
Breeanne M. Soteros ◽  
Anran Huo ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Andrea J. Tenner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Synapse Elimination ◽  
Visual Thalamus

scholarly journals Early Development of Network Oscillations in the Ferret Visual Cortex

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhui Li ◽  
Chunxiu Yu ◽  
Zhe Charles Zhou ◽  
Iain Stitt ◽  
Kristin K. Sellers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Network Oscillations

scholarly journals Dynamic communication of attention signals between the LGN and V1

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 1625-1639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa L. Mock ◽  
Kimberly L. Luke ◽  
Jacqueline R. Hembrook-Short ◽  
Farran Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Local Field Potentials ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Attentional Modulation ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
The Impact

Correlations and inferred causal interactions among local field potentials (LFPs) simultaneously recorded in distinct visual brain areas can provide insight into how visual and cognitive signals are communicated between neuronal populations. Based on the known anatomical connectivity of hierarchically organized visual cortical areas and electrophysiological measurements of LFP interactions, a framework for interareal frequency-specific communication has emerged. Our goals were to test the predictions of this framework in the context of the early visual pathways and to understand how attention modulates communication between the visual thalamus and primary visual cortex. We recorded LFPs simultaneously in retinotopically aligned regions of the visual thalamus and primary visual cortex in alert and behaving macaque monkeys trained on a contrast-change detection task requiring covert shifts in visual spatial attention. Coherence and Granger-causal interactions among early visual circuits varied dynamically over different trial periods. Attention significantly enhanced alpha-, beta-, and gamma-frequency interactions, often in a manner consistent with the known anatomy of early visual circuits. However, attentional modulation of communication among early visual circuits was not consistent with a simple static framework in which distinct frequency bands convey directed inputs. Instead, neuronal network interactions in early visual circuits were flexible and dynamic, perhaps reflecting task-related shifts in attention. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Attention alters the way we perceive the visual world. For example, attention can modulate how visual information is communicated between the thalamus and cortex. We recorded local field potentials simultaneously in the visual thalamus and cortex to quantify the impact of attention on visual information communication. We found that attentional modulation of visual information communication was not static, but dynamic over the time course of trials.

scholarly journals Distinct “driving” versus “modulatory” influences of different visual corticothalamic pathways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan A. Kirchgessner ◽  
Alexis D. Franklin ◽  
Edward M. Callaway
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Visual Thalamus

AbstractHigher-order (HO) thalamic nuclei interact extensively with the cerebral cortex and are innervated by excitatory corticothalamic (CT) populations in layers 5 and 6. While these distinct CT projections have long been thought to have different functional influences on the HO thalamus, this has never been directly tested. By optogenetically inactivating different CT populations in the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake mice, we demonstrate that layer 5, but not layer 6, CT projections drive visual responses in the HO visual pulvinar, even while both pathways provide retinotopic, baseline excitation to their thalamic targets. Inactivating the superior colliculus also suppressed visual responses in the pulvinar, demonstrating that cortical layer 5 and subcortical inputs both contribute to HO visual thalamic activity - even at the level of putative single neurons. Altogether, these results indicate a functional division of driver and modulator CT pathways from V1 to the visual thalamus in vivo.

scholarly journals Short-term plasticity in the visual thalamus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan W Kurzawski ◽  
Claudia Lunghi ◽  
Laura Biagi ◽  
Michela Tosetti ◽  
Maria Concetta Morrone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Monocular Deprivation ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ocular Dominance Plasticity ◽  
Short Term Plasticity ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
Plasticity Effect

While there is evidence that the visual cortex retains a potential for plasticity in adulthood, less is known about the subcortical stages of visual processing. Here we asked whether short-term ocular dominance plasticity affects the visual thalamus. We addressed this question in normally sighted adult humans, using ultra-high field (7T) magnetic resonance imaging combined with the paradigm of short-term monocular deprivation. With this approach, we previously demonstrated transient shifts of perceptual eye dominance and ocular dominance in visual cortex (Binda et al., 2018). Here we report evidence for short-term plasticity in the ventral division of the pulvinar (vPulv), where the deprived eye representation was enhanced over the non-deprived eye. This pulvinar plasticity effect was similar as previously seen in visual cortex and it was correlated with the ocular dominance shift measured behaviorally. In contrast, there was no short-term plasticity effect in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN), where results were reliably different from vPulv, despite their spatial proximity. We conclude that the visual thalamus retains potential for short-term plasticity in adulthood; the plasticity effect differs across thalamic subregions, possibly reflecting differences in their cortical connectivity.

scholarly journals The Missing Link in Early Emotional Processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Carretié ◽  
Raghunandan K. Yadav ◽  
Constantino Méndez-Bértolo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Initial Evaluation ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
First Order ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Order Structures

Current proposals on the temporal sequence in the processing of emotional visual stimuli are partially incompatible with growing empirical data. In the majority of them, the initial evaluation structures (IES) postulated to be in charge of the earliest detection of emotional stimuli (i.e., salient for the individual), are high order structures (i.e., those receiving visual inputs after several synapses). Thus, their latency of response cannot account for the first visual cortex response to emotional stimuli (peaking 80 ms in humans). Additionally, these proposed structures lack the necessary infrastructure to locally analyze the visual features of the stimulus (shape, color, motion, etc.) that define a stimulus as emotional. In particular, the amygdala is defended as the cornerstone IES also in humans, and cortical areas such as the ventral prefrontal cortex or the insula have been proposed as well to intervene in this initial evaluation process. The present review describes several first-order brain structures (i.e., receiving visual inputs after one synapsis), and second order structures (two synapses) that may complement the former, that accomplish with both prerequisites: presenting response latencies compatible with the observed activity at the visual cortex and possessing the necessary architecture to rudimentarily analyze in situ relevant features of the visual stimulation. The visual thalamus, and particularly the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a first-order thalamic nucleus that actively processes visual information, is a good candidate to be the core IES, with the complementary action of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). This LGN-TRN tandem could be supported, also in an ascending, initial evaluation phase, by the pulvinar, a second order thalamic structure, and first-order extra-thalamic nuclei (superior colliculus and certain nuclei of pretectum and the accessory optic system). In sum, the visual thalamus, scarcely studied in relation to emotional processing, is a serious candidate to be the missing link in early emotional evaluation and, in any case, is worth exploring in future research.

scholarly journals The Missing Link in Early Emotional Processing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Carretié ◽  
Raghunandan K. Yadav ◽  
Constantino Méndez-Bértolo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Initial Evaluation ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
First Order ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Order Structures

Current proposals on the temporal sequence in the processing of emotional visual stimuli are partially incompatible with growing empirical data. In the majority of them, the initial evaluation structures (IES) postulated to be in charge of the earliest detection of emotional stimuli (i.e., salient for the individual), are high order structures (i.e., those receiving visual inputs after several synapses). Thus, their latency of response cannot account for the first visual cortex response to emotional stimuli (peaking 80 ms in humans). Additionally, these proposed structures lack the necessary infrastructure to locally analyze the visual features of the stimulus (shape, color, motion, etc.) that define a stimulus as emotional. In particular, the amygdala is defended as the cornerstone IES also in humans, and cortical areas such as the ventral prefrontal cortex or the insula have been proposed as well to intervene in this initial evaluation process. The present review describes several first-order brain structures (i.e., receiving visual inputs after one synapsis), and second order structures (two synapses) that may complement the former, that accomplish with both prerequisites: presenting response latencies compatible with the observed activity at the visual cortex and possessing the necessary architecture to rudimentarily analyze in situ relevant features of the visual stimulation. The visual thalamus, and particularly the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a first-order thalamic nucleus that actively processes visual information, is a good candidate to be the core IES, with the complementary action of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). This LGN-TRN tandem could be supported, also in an ascending, initial evaluation phase, by the pulvinar, a second order thalamic structure, and first-order extra-thalamic nuclei (superior colliculus and certain nuclei of pretectum and the accessory optic system). In sum, the visual thalamus, scarcely studied in relation to emotional processing, is a serious candidate to be the missing link in early emotional evaluation and, in any case, is worth exploring in future research.

Synaptogenesis in human visual cortex — evidence for synapse elimination during normal development

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Huttenlocher ◽  
Christian de Courten ◽  
Laurence J. Garey ◽  
Hendrik Van der Loos
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Synapse Elimination ◽  
Human Visual Cortex

scholarly journals Wakefulness suppresses retinal wave-related neural activity in visual cortex

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 1190-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didhiti Mukherjee ◽  
Alex J. Yonk ◽  
Greta Sokoloff ◽  
Mark S. Blumberg
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Retinal Waves ◽  
Infant Rats ◽  
Retinal Wave

By recording in visual cortex in unanesthetized infant rats, we show that neural activity attributable to retinal waves is specifically suppressed when pups spontaneously awaken or are experimentally aroused. These findings suggest that the relatively abundant sleep of early development plays a permissive functional role for the visual system. It follows, then, that biological or environmental factors that disrupt sleep may interfere with the development of these neural networks.

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