scholarly journals Microglia influence host defense, disease, and repair following murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system

Glia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vrushali Mangale ◽  
Amber R. Syage ◽  
H. Atakan Ekiz ◽  
Dominic D. Skinner ◽  
Yuting Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Murine Coronavirus

scholarly journals The incidence and pathophysiology of neurological symptoms in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Igor V. Litvinenko ◽  
Miroslav M. Odinak ◽  
Nikolay V. Tsygan ◽  
Aleksander V. Ryabtsev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The central nervous system seems to be quite vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2, leading to a variety of alteration pathways, high incidence and variability of the neurological symptoms of COVID-19. The COVID-19 symptoms, possibly associated with alteration to the central nervous system, include hyperthermia, shortness of breath, fatigue, headache, dizziness, dysphonia, dysphagia, hyposmia and anosmia, hypogeusia and ageusia, impairment of consciousness. The impairment of olfaction and gustation are the most common symptoms of the nervous system alteration (98% and 70%, respectively), which is most likely a consequence of the alteration of the receptors. Presumably the pathogenesis of dysphonia and dysphagia may involve neurodegenerative mechanisms or may be associated with a predominantly demyelinating alteration of the caudal cranial nerves. Pathomorphological findings in the brain of the COVID-19 patients include diffuse hypoxic and focal ischemic injuries of various sizes up to ischemic infarctions (in thrombosis of large arteries); microangiopathy; vasculitis; diapedetic and confluent hemorrhages with possible progression to hemorrhagic infarctions and rarely intracerebral hematomas. Acute cerebrovascular accident worsens the course of COVID-19 and can worsen the clinical outcome, taking into account the mechanisms of the central nervous system alteration in highly contagious coronavirus infections (SARS-CoV, MERS, SARS-CoV-2), including embolism, hypoxia, neurodegeneration, systemic inflammatory response and immune-mediated alteartion to the nervous tissue. A fairly rare complication of coronavirus infection, however, acute myelitis requires attention due to the severity of neurological disorders. The literature data show high incidence and polymorphism of the symptoms of the central nervous system alteration, as well as the important role of the cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathogenesis of brain alteration in COVID-19, which is taken into account in examining and treating the patients with new coronavirus infection. (1 figure, bibliography: 61 refs)

Infestations expérimentales de crabes juvéniles par la sacculine. Ultrastructure des racines parasitaires en croissance et relations avec la niasse ganglionnaire ventrale de l'hôte

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1818-1826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geneviève G. Payen ◽  
Michelle Hubert ◽  
Yves Turquier ◽  
Claudio Rubiliani ◽  
Colette Chassard-Bouchaud
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Sacculina Carcini ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Host Tissues

Experimental infestations of young Carcinus with Sacculina carcini indicate that the ventral ganglionic mass (VGM) is the first "target" of the parasite roots into the host tissues. As in pubescent crabs naturally parasitized, either with or without an external visceral sac, the roots penetrate and invade that area of the central nervous system during the first month of infestation.Ultrastructural study of the developing roots, in contact with the VGM, leads to the conclusion that apart from a few embryonic characters, the root cells show a cytostructure similar to the one that has been observed in the roots naturally parasitizing pubescent crabs, whether the external visceral sac is present or not.In the two cases of infestation the roots which cross the neurolemma bring about a marked disorganization of ganglia in consequence of the alteration of the neuroglia, neuropiles and neurosecretory areas.An action of the parasite at a distance, i.e. in the absence of contact of the roots with the ganglia, also occurs. It is especially marked as early as 1 month after infestation by a degeneration of the secretory perikarya.A thin sheath of connective tissue is sometimes visible between the growing roots and the VGM of juvenile crabs. However, the existence of that tissue cannot be definitely attributed to a host defense reaction.No effect of the developing parasite on the already differentiated external sex characters of the host has been noticed within the limits of the experiments.

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