Transcription factor co-expression patterns indicate heterogeneity of oligodendroglial subpopulations in adult spinal cord

Glia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Kitada ◽  
David H. Rowitch
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord

scholarly journals Multiple steps mediate ventricular layer attrition to form the adult mouse spinal cord central canal

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A. Cañizares ◽  
Aida Rodrigo Albors ◽  
Gail Singer ◽  
Nicolle Suttie ◽  
Metka Gorkic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Floor Plate ◽  
Cell Potential ◽  
Proliferation Markers ◽  
Tissue Organization ◽  
Stem Cell Potential ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord

AbstractThe ventricular layer of the spinal cord is remodelled during embryonic development and ultimately forms the adult central canal, which retains neural stem cell potential. This anatomical transformation involves the process of dorsal collapse, however, accompanying changes in tissue organization and cell behaviour as well as the origin of cells contributing to the adult central canal are not well understood. Here we describe sequential localised cell rearrangements which contribute to the gradual attrition of the spinal cord ventricular layer during development. This includes local breakdown of the pseudostratified organisation of the dorsal ventricular layer prefiguring dorsal collapse and evidence for a new phenomenon, ventral dissociation, during which the ventral-most floor plate cells separate from a subset that are retained in the central canal. Using cell proliferation markers and cell-cycle reporter mice, we further show that following dorsal collapse, ventricular layer attrition involves an overall reduction in cell proliferation, characterised by an intriguing increase in the percentage of cells in G1/S. In contrast, programmed cell death does not contribute to ventricular layer remodelling. By analysing transcript and protein expression patterns associated with key signalling pathways, we provide evidence for a gradual decline in ventral sonic hedgehog activity and an accompanying ventral expansion of initial dorsal bone morphogenetic protein signalling, which comes to dominate the forming central canal. This study identifies multiple steps that contribute to spinal cord ventricular layer attrition and adds to increasing evidence for the heterogenous origin of the adult spinal cord central canal, which includes cells from the floor plate and the roof plate as well as ventral progenitor domain.

scholarly journals Zebrafish Motor Neuron Subtypes Differ Electrically Prior to Axonal Outgrowth

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 2477-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa L. Moreno ◽  
Angeles B. Ribera
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Spinal Cord Segment ◽  
Factor Expression ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Transcription Factor Expression

Different muscle targets and transcription factor expression patterns reveal the presence of motor neuron subtypes. However, it is not known whether these subtypes also differ with respect to electrical membrane properties. To address this question, we studied primary motor neurons (PMNs) in the spinal cord of zebrafish embryos. PMN genesis occurs during gastrulation and gives rise to a heterogeneous set of motor neurons that differ with respect to transcription factor expression, muscle targets, and soma location within each spinal cord segment. The unique subtype-specific soma locations and axonal trajectories of two PMNs—MiP (middle) and CaP (caudal)—allowed their identification in situ as early as 17 h postfertilization (hpf), prior to axon genesis. Between 17 and 48 hpf, CaPs and MiPs displayed subtype-specific electrical membrane properties. Voltage-dependent inward and outward currents differed significantly between MiPs and CaPs. Moreover, by 48 hpf, CaPs and MiPs displayed subtype-specific firing behaviors. Our results demonstrate that motor neurons that differ with respect to muscle targets and transcription factor expression acquire subtype-specific electrical membrane properties. Moreover, the differences are evident prior to axon genesis and persist to the latest stage studied, 2 days postfertilization.

Differential expression of Hox 3.1 protein in subregions of the embryonic and adult spinal cord

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Awgulewitsch ◽  
D. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Neuronal Cells ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies ◽  
Developing Spinal Cord

Synthetic oligopeptides derived from the predicted Hox 3.1 protein coding sequence were used for the production of antibodies (anti-aa2) that specifically recognize Hox 3.1 protein in tissue sections. These antibodies were applied in immunohistochemical studies to monitor the expression of Hox 3.1 protein within the central nervous system (CNS) of embryonic and adult mice. We demonstrate congruency between the distinct Hox 3.1 RNA and protein expression patterns in the developing spinal cord by direct comparison of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining in frozen sagittal sections from embryos of 12.5 days of gestation. A distinct pattern of spatially restricted expression of Hox 3.1 protein within the spinal cord was first detected at around 10.5 days of embryonic development. Within certain anteroposterior limits the geometries of this expression pattern change drastically during subsequent embryonic stages, concomitant with important cytoarchitectural changes in the developing spinal cord. Analyses on subcellular levels indicate predominant accumulation of Hox 3.1 protein within nuclei of neuronal cells. In addition to the nuclear localization in subsets of embryonic cells, persistent accumulation of Hox 3.1 protein was shown in nuclei of fully differentiated and mature neuronal cells of the adult CNS.

Atypical pilocytic astrocytoma of adult spinal cord: A case report

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Pilocytic Astrocytoma ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma ◽  
Standardized Treatment ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord

Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA) is an atypical subtype of pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), which presents in children and young adults. The incidence of PMA is low, so there is no standardized treatment protocol for it. Here, we present a 62-year-old woman with recurrent PMA, which is important for the understanding and treatment of the disease.

scholarly journals PATH-23. ADULT SPINAL CORD ASTROBLASTOMA WITH EWSR1-BEND2 FUSION

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii429-iii429
Author(s):  
Takeyoshi Tsutsui ◽  
Yoshiki Arakawa ◽  
Yasuhide Makino ◽  
Hiroharu Kataoka ◽  
Sachiko Minamiguti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Residual Tumor ◽  
Intramedullary Tumor ◽  
Partial Removal ◽  
Weighted Image ◽  
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
S 100 ◽  
High Cellularity ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord

Abstract The most recurrent fusion of CNS high-grade neuroepithelial tumor with MN1alteration(HGNET-MN1) is MN1- BEN Domain Containing 2(BEND2) fusion. Recently, there was a report of a 3-month-old boy with spinal astroblastoma, classified as CNS HGNET-MN1 by DKFZ methylation classification but positive for EWSR1-BEND2 fusion(Yamasaki, 2019). Here, we report a 36-year old man with a spinal cord astroblastoma with EWSR1 alternation. The patient presented with back pain, gait disorder and dysesthesia in lower extremities and trunk was referred to our hospital. MRI showed intramedullary tumor in Th3-5 level, displaying low-intensity on T1 weighted image, high-intensity on T2 weighted image, and homogeneous gadolinium enhancement. Partial removal was performed with the laminectomy. The tumor extended to extramedullary and its boundary was unclear. Histological examinations showed the epithelium-like tumor cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm with high cellularity palisade, intracellar fibrosis, and mitosis. Immunohistochemical staining showed positive for Olig2, GFAP, EMA, SSTR2, S-100, but negative for p53, PgRAE1/AE3. The tumor was diagnosed as astroblastoma, and was classified as HGNET-MN1 by the DKFZ methylation classifier. However, the MN1 alternation was not detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization, instead EWSR1 and BEND2 alternations which suggested EWSR1-BEND2 fusion were detected. After radiation therapy of 54Gy/30fr with bevacizumab and temozolomide, the residual tumor reduced the size and his symptoms improved. This case provides evidence that EWSR1-BEND2 fusion is recurrent in HGNET-MN1 and, as previously reported, suggests the importance of BEND2 in this entity. These two cases suggested that it may be the BEND2 alteration that biologically defines the HGNET-MN1 subclass rather than MN1.

scholarly journals Neuron-specific spinal cord translatomes reveal a neuropeptide code for mouse dorsal horn excitatory neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Rani Das Gupta ◽  
Louis Scheurer ◽  
Pawel Pelczar ◽  
Hendrik Wildner ◽  
Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Dorsal Horn Neurons ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Excitatory Neurons ◽  
Genes Encoding

AbstractThe spinal dorsal horn harbors a sophisticated and heterogeneous network of excitatory and inhibitory neurons that process peripheral signals encoding different sensory modalities. Although it has long been recognized that this network is crucial both for the separation and the integration of sensory signals of different modalities, a systematic unbiased approach to the use of specific neuromodulatory systems is still missing. Here, we have used the translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) technique to map the translatomes of excitatory glutamatergic (vGluT2+) and inhibitory GABA and/or glycinergic (vGAT+ or Gad67+) neurons of the mouse spinal cord. Our analyses demonstrate that inhibitory and excitatory neurons are not only set apart, as expected, by the expression of genes related to the production, release or re-uptake of their principal neurotransmitters and by genes encoding for transcription factors, but also by a differential engagement of neuromodulator, especially neuropeptide, signaling pathways. Subsequent multiplex in situ hybridization revealed eleven neuropeptide genes that are strongly enriched in excitatory dorsal horn neurons and display largely non-overlapping expression patterns closely adhering to the laminar and presumably also functional organization of the spinal cord grey matter.

scholarly journals Characterization of microglial transcriptomes in the brain and spinal cord of mice in early and late experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using a RiboTag strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaona Acharjee ◽  
Paul M. K. Gordon ◽  
Benjamin H. Lee ◽  
Justin Read ◽  
Matthew L. Workentine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

AbstractMicroglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To more fully understand the role of microglia in EAE we characterized microglial transcriptomes before the onset of motor symptoms (pre-onset) and during symptomatic EAE. We compared the transcriptome in brain, where behavioral changes are initiated, and spinal cord, where damage is revealed as motor and sensory deficits. We used a RiboTag strategy to characterize ribosome-bound mRNA only in microglia without incurring possible transcriptional changes after cell isolation. Brain and spinal cord samples clustered separately at both stages of EAE, indicating regional heterogeneity. Differences in gene expression were observed in the brain and spinal cord of pre-onset and symptomatic animals with most profound effects in the spinal cord of symptomatic animals. Canonical pathway analysis revealed changes in neuroinflammatory pathways, immune functions and enhanced cell division in both pre-onset and symptomatic brain and spinal cord. We also observed a continuum of many pathways at pre-onset stage that continue into the symptomatic stage of EAE. Our results provide additional evidence of regional and temporal heterogeneity in microglial gene expression patterns that may help in understanding mechanisms underlying various symptomology in MS.

Muscle-conditioned media and cAMP promote survival and neurite outgrowth of adult spinal cord motor neurons

2009 ◽  
Vol 220 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose V. Montoya G. ◽  
Jhon Jairo Sutachan ◽  
Wai Si Chan ◽  
Alexandra Sideris ◽  
Thomas J.J. Blanck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Conditioned Media ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord
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