Nuclear ?-catenin-dependent Wnt8 signaling in vegetal cells of the early sea urchin embryo regulates gastrulation and differentiation of endoderm and mesodermal cell lineages

genesis ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athula H. Wikramanayake ◽  
Robert Peterson ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
Ling Huang ◽  
Joanna M. Bince ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Mesodermal Cell ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo

Cell interactions and mesodermal cell fates in the sea urchin embryo

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Ettensohn
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Cell Labeling ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Mesodermal Cell ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo ◽  
Present Information ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Mesenchyme Cells

Cell interactions during gastrulation play a key role in the determination of mesodermal cell fates in the sea urchin embryo. An interaction between primary and secondary mesenchyme cells (PMCs and SMCs, respectively), the two principal populations of mesodermal cells, regulates the expression of SMC fates. PMCs are committed early in cleavage to express a skeletogenic phenotype. During gastrulation, they transmit a signal that suppresses the skeletogenic potential of a subpopulation of SMCs and directs these cells into an alternative developmental pathway. This review summarizes present information concerning the cellular basis of the PMC-SMC interaction, as analyzed by cell transplantation and ablation experiments, fluorescent cell labeling methods and the use of cell type-specific molecular markers. The nature and stability of SMC fate switching, the timing of the PMC-SMC interaction and its quantitative characteristics, and the lineage, numbers and normal fate of the population of skeletogenic SMCs are discussed. Evidence is presented indicating that PMCs and SMCs come into direct filopodial contact during the late gastrula stage, when the signal is transmitted. Finally, evolutionary questions raised by these studies are briefly addressed.

Mesodermal cell interactions in the sea urchin embryo: properties of skeletogenic secondary mesenchyme cells

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 1275-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Ettensohn ◽  
S.W. Ruffins
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Pigment Cell ◽  
Cell Labeling ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Mesodermal Cell ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo ◽  
Mesenchyme Cells

An interaction between the two principal populations of mesodermal cells in the sea urchin embryo, primary and secondary mesenchyme cells (PMCs and SMCs, respectively), regulates SMC fates and the process of skeletogenesis. In the undisturbed embryo, skeletal elements are produced exclusively by PMCs. Certain SMCs also have the ability to express a skeletogenic phenotype; however, signals transmitted by the PMCs direct these cells into alternative developmental pathways. In this study, a combination of fluorescent cell-labeling methods, embryo microsurgery and cell-specific molecular markers have been used to study the lineage, numbers, normal fate(s) and developmental potential of the skeletogenic SMCs. Previous fate-mapping studies have shown that SMCs are derived from the veg2 layer of blastomeres of the 64-cell-stage embryo and from the small micromeres. By specifically labeling the small micromeres with 5-bromodeoxyuridine, we demonstrate that descendants of these cells do not participate in skeletogenesis in PMC-depleted larvae, even though they are the closest lineal relatives of PMCs. Skeletogenic SMCs are therefore derived exclusively from the veg2 blastomeres. Because the SMCs are a heterogeneous population of cells, we have sought to gain information concerning the normal fate(s) of skeletogenic SMCs by determining whether specific cell types are reduced or absent in PMC(−) larvae. Of the four known SMC derivatives: pigment cells, blastocoelar (basal) cells, muscle cells and coelomic pouch cells, only pigment cells show a major reduction (> 50%) in number following SMC skeletogenesis. We therefore propose that the PMC-derived signal regulates a developmental switch, directing SMCs to adopt a pigment cell phenotype instead of a default (skeletogenic) fate. Ablation of SMCs at the late gastrula stage does not result in the recruitment of any additional skeletogenic cells, demonstrating that, by this stage, the number of SMCs with skeletogenic potential is restricted to 60–70 cells. Previous studies showed that during their switch to a skeletogenic fate, SMCs alter their migratory behavior and cell surface properties. In this study, we demonstrate that during conversion, SMCs become insensitive to the PMC-derived signal, while at the same time they acquire PMC-specific signaling properties.

Combining sea urchin embryo cell lineages by error-tolerant graph matching

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Rubio-Guivernau ◽  
M.A. Luengo-Oroz ◽  
L. Duloquin ◽  
T. Savy ◽  
N. Peyrieras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Graph Matching ◽  
Embryo Cell ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo

LvDelta is a mesoderm-inducing signal in the sea urchin embryo and can endow blastomeres with organizer-like properties

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (8) ◽  
pp. 1945-1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyla C. Sweet ◽  
Michael Gehring ◽  
Charles A. Ettensohn
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Notch Signaling Pathway ◽  
Notch Receptor ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Mesodermal Cell ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo ◽  
Organizing Center ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Signals from micromere descendants play a critical role in patterning the early sea urchin embryo. Previous work demonstrated a link between the induction of mesoderm by micromere descendants and the Notch signaling pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that these micromere descendants express LvDelta, a ligand for the Notch receptor. LvDelta is expressed by micromere descendants during the blastula stage, a time when signaling has been shown to occur. By a combination of embryo microsurgery, mRNA injection and antisense morpholino experiments, we show that expression of LvDelta by micromere descendants is both necessary and sufficient for the development of two mesodermal cell types, pigment cells and blastocoelar cells. We also demonstrate that LvDelta is expressed by macromere descendants during mesenchyme blastula and early gastrula stages. Macromere-derived LvDelta is necessary for blastocoelar cell and muscle cell development. Finally, we find that expression of LvDelta is sufficient to endow blastomeres with the ability to function as a vegetal organizing center and to coordinate the development of a complete pluteus larva.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation: Mitochondria Matter in Osteogenesis or Adipogenesis Direction

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 602-606
Author(s):  
Kun Ji ◽  
Ling Ding ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Yun Dai ◽  
Fangfang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Mesodermal Cell ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Differentiation Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Msc Differentiation

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) exhibit enormous therapeutic potential because of their indispensable regenerative, reparative, angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, and immunosuppressive properties. MSCs can best differentiate into mesodermal cell lineages, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, muscle cells, endothelial cells and chondrocytes. Specific differentiation of MSCs could be induced through limited conditions. In addition to the relevant differentiation factors, drastic changes also occur in the microenvironment to conduct it in an optimal manner for particular differentiation. Recent evidence suggests that the mitochondria participate in the regulating of direction and process of MSCs differentiation. Therefore, our current review focuses on how mitochondria participate in both osteogenesis and adipogenesis of MSC differentiation. Besides that, in our current review, we try to provide a further understanding of the relationship between the behavior of mitochondria and the direction of MSC differentiation, which could optimize current cellular culturing protocols for further facilitating tissue engineering by adjusting specific conditions of stem cells.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document