A multiscale modelling method incorporating spatial coupling and temporal coupling into transient simulations of the human airways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenya Fan ◽  
David Holmes ◽  
Emilie Sauret ◽  
Mohammad S. Islam ◽  
Suvash C. Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiscale Modelling ◽  
Spatial Coupling ◽  
Modelling Method ◽  
Transient Simulations ◽  
Temporal Coupling ◽  
Human Airways

scholarly journals Multiple spatial representations interact to increase reach accuracy when coordinating a saccade with a reach

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 2328-2343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriria Vazquez ◽  
Laura Federici ◽  
Bijan Pesaran
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Coupling Mechanism ◽  
Spatial Representations ◽  
Spatial Coupling ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Temporal Coupling ◽  
Reach Movements

Reaching is an essential behavior that allows primates to interact with the environment. Precise reaching to visual targets depends on our ability to localize and foveate the target. Despite this, how the saccade system contributes to improvements in reach accuracy remains poorly understood. To assess spatial contributions of eye movements to reach accuracy, we performed a series of behavioral psychophysics experiments in nonhuman primates ( Macaca mulatta). We found that a coordinated saccade with a reach to a remembered target location increases reach accuracy without target foveation. The improvement in reach accuracy was similar to that obtained when the subject had visual information about the location of the current target in the visual periphery and executed the reach while maintaining central fixation. Moreover, we found that the increase in reach accuracy elicited by a coordinated movement involved a spatial coupling mechanism between the saccade and reach movements. We observed significant correlations between the saccade and reach errors for coordinated movements. In contrast, when the eye and arm movements were made to targets in different spatial locations, the magnitude of the error and the degree of correlation between the saccade and reach direction were determined by the spatial location of the eye and the hand targets. Hence, we propose that coordinated movements improve reach accuracy without target foveation due to spatial coupling between the reach and saccade systems. Spatial coupling could arise from a neural mechanism for coordinated visual behavior that involves interacting spatial representations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY How visual spatial representations guiding reach movements involve coordinated saccadic eye movements is unknown. Temporal coupling between the reach and saccade system during coordinated movements improves reach performance. However, the role of spatial coupling is unclear. Using behavioral psychophysics, we found that spatial coupling increases reach accuracy in addition to temporal coupling and visual acuity. These results suggest that a spatial mechanism to couple the reach and saccade systems increases the accuracy of coordinated movements.

Bimanual Coordination During Rhythmic Movements in the Absence of Somatosensory Feedback

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 2901-2910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M. C. Spencer ◽  
Richard B. Ivry ◽  
Daniel Cattaert ◽  
Andras Semjen
Keyword(s):  
Bimanual Coordination ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Spatial Coupling ◽  
Somatosensory Feedback ◽  
Spatial Consistency ◽  
Drawing Task ◽  
Temporal Coupling ◽  
Circle Drawing

We investigated the role of somatosensory feedback during bimanual coordination by testing a bilaterally deafferented patient, a unilaterally deafferented patient, and three control participants on a repetitive bimanual circle-drawing task. Circles were drawn symmetrically or asymmetrically at varying speeds with full, partial, or no vision of the hands. Strong temporal coupling was observed between the hands at all movement rates during symmetrical drawing and at the comfortable movement rate during asymmetrical drawing in all participants. When making asymmetric movements at the comfortable and faster rates, the patients and controls exhibited similar evidence of pattern instability, including a reduction in temporal coupling and trajectory deformation. The patients differed from controls on measures of spatial coupling and variability. The amplitudes and shapes of the two circles were less similar across limbs for the patients than the controls and the circles produced by the patients tended to drift in extrinsic space across successive cycles. These results indicate that somatosensory feedback is not critical for achieving temporal coupling between the hands nor does it contribute significantly to the disruption of asymmetrical coordination at faster movement rates. However, spatial consistency and position, both within and between limbs, were disrupted in the absence of somatosensory feedback.

scholarly journals The influence of saccades in shaping curved hand movement trajectory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumitash Jana ◽  
Aditya Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Hand Movement ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Movement Trajectory ◽  
Hand Trajectory ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Spatial Coupling ◽  
End Point ◽  
Temporal Coupling ◽  
Made In

Eye and hand movements are often made in isolation but for reaching movements they are usually coupled together. While previous studies have demonstrated aspects of both kinematic and spatial coupling between eye and hand, few studies have investigated the influence of saccades on shaping a more complex curved hand movement trajectory profile. Here, using a novel obstacle avoidance task where the obstacle appeared in an infrequent number of trials, we try to establish the link between the saccade and hand trajectory. In the first part of the paper, we illustrate that the hand trajectory direction is influenced by the end location of the saccade, despite little temporal coupling between the two effectors. The x-position of the saccade end-point was related to whether the hand trajectory followed a straight or a curved path, while the y-position of the saccade end-point was related to whether the hand took a path passing from over or below the obstacle. In the second part of the paper, we establish the link between the saccade locations and hand sub-movements and observed that the number and timing of saccades and number of hand velocity peaks were related. Taken together these results indicate that saccades can influence complex hand movement trajectories.

scholarly journals Research on the Oil-Bearing Difference of Bedding Fractures: A Case Study of Lucaogou Formation in Jimsar Sag

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Jia Lu ◽  
Chen Zhang ◽  
Jianhui Zeng ◽  
Haowei Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Tight Oil ◽  
Hydrocarbon Generation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Spatial Coupling ◽  
Lucaogou Formation ◽  
Temporal Coupling ◽  
Jimsar Sag ◽  
Generation Period

Lucaogou formation in Jimsar sag is host to large quantities of bedding fractures which are known to play a critical role in the enrichment, accumulation, and efficient development of tight oil. In this paper, we examine and finely characterize the development of the bedding fractures found in the upper and lower sweet spots of Lucaogou formation of tight oil reservoir through field outcrop and core observation, cast thin section analysis, and imaging log recognition and investigate the factors affecting their differentiated oil-bearing by means of inclusion temperature measurement, TOC testing, physical property testing, high-pressure mercury injection, and physical simulation experiment. By comparison with the linear density, bedding fractures are more developed in the lower sweet spot. These fractures occur in parallel to the formation boundary and have small aperture. Most of bedding fractures are unfilled fractures. Among the few types of fractures found there, bedding fractures have the best oil-bearing property, but the oil-bearing can differ from one bedding fracture to another. The factors affecting the differentiated oil-bearing of bedding fractures include the temporal coupling of the formation of these fractures with the hydrocarbon generation of the source rocks and the spatial coupling of the bedding fractures with the source rocks. In terms of temporal coupling, mass hydrocarbon generation in Jimsar sag began in Late Jurassic. Inclusion temperature measurement indicates that the bedding fractures there formed in or after Early Cretaceous. Hence, by matching the mass hydrocarbon generation period of the source rocks with the formation period of the bedding fractures, we discovered that the bedding fractures formed within the mass hydrocarbon generation period, which favored the oil-bearing of these fractures. The spatial coupling is manifested in TOC, porosity, permeability, and pore throat, with TOC being the main controlling factor. For TOC, the higher the formation TOC, the better the oil-bearing property of the bedding fractures. For porosity, subject to the TOC level, if the TOC is adequate, the larger the porosity, the larger the chloroform asphalt “A,” accordingly the higher the oil content of the formation, and the better the oil-bearing property of the bedding fractures developed therein. In this sense, in terms of spatial coupling, TOC constitutes the main controlling factor of the oil-bearing property of bedding fractures.

scholarly journals Kinematics of perceived dyadic coordination in dance

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hartmann ◽  
Anastasios Mavrolampados ◽  
Emma Allingham ◽  
Emily Carlson ◽  
Birgitta Burger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Spatial Coupling ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
Temporal Coupling ◽  
Optical Motion ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Optical Motion Capture ◽  
Spatially Oriented

Abstract We investigated the relationships between perceptions of similarity and interaction in spontaneously dancing dyads, and movement features extracted using novel computational methods. We hypothesized that dancers’ movements would be perceived as more similar when they exhibited spatially and temporally comparable movement patterns, and as more interactive when they spatially oriented more towards each other. Pairs of dancers were asked to move freely to two musical excerpts while their movements were recorded using optical motion capture. Subsequently, in two separate perceptual experiments we presented stick figure animations of the dyads to observers, who rated degree of interaction and similarity between dancers. Mean perceptual ratings were compared with three different approaches for quantifying coordination: torso orientation, temporal coupling, and spatial coupling. Correlations and partial correlations across dyads were computed between each estimate and the perceptual measures. A systematic exploration showed that torso orientation (dancers facing more towards each other) is a strong predictor of perceived interaction even after controlling for other features, whereas temporal and spatial coupling (dancers moving similarly in space and in time) are better predictors for perceived similarity. Further, our results suggest that similarity is a necessary but not sufficient condition for interaction.

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