scholarly journals Thermal properties of polyethylene flame retarded with expandable graphite and intumescent fire retardant additives

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermanus Joachim Kruger ◽  
Walter Wilhelm Focke ◽  
Washington Mhike ◽  
Albertus Taute ◽  
Albert Roberson
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Flame Retarded

scholarly journals Cone calorimeter study of polyethylene flame retarded with expandable graphite and intumescent fire-retardant additives

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 498-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermanus Joachim Kruger ◽  
Walter Wilhelm Focke ◽  
Washington Mhike ◽  
Albertus Taute ◽  
Albert Roberson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Flame Retarded

Effects of expandable graphite on char morphology and pyrolysis of epoxy based intumescent fire‐retardant coating

2021 ◽  
pp. 51206
Author(s):  
Sami Ullah ◽  
Faiz Ahmad ◽  
Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi ◽  
Muhammad Rafi Raza ◽  
Mohammed Ali Assiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Expandable Graphite

scholarly journals Rotomolded antistatic and flame-retarded graphite nanocomposites

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Washington Mhike ◽  
Walter W Focke ◽  
Joseph KO Asante
Keyword(s):  
Outer Layer ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Linear Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Graphite Nanoplatelets ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Graphite Nanocomposites

Graphite nanoplatelets with an average particle size of 13 μm and an estimated flake thickness of about 76 nm were prepared by microwave exfoliation, followed by ultrasonication-assisted liquid-phase delamination, of an expandable graphite. This nanoadditive was used to fabricate linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA)-based nanocomposite sheets using rotational molding. The dry blending approach yielded surface resistivities within the static dissipation range at filler loadings as low as 0.25 wt.% (0.1 vol.%). However, even at this low graphite content, impact properties were significantly reduced compared to the neat polymers. Bilayer moldings via the double dumping method proved to be a feasible approach to achieve both acceptable mechanical properties and antistatic properties. This was achieved by rotomolding nanocomposite sheets with a 1-mm outer layer containing the filler and a 2-mm inner layer of neat LLDPE. Excellent fire resistance, in terms of cone calorimeter testing, was achieved when the outer layer also contained 10 wt.% expandable graphite.

scholarly journals Correlating the Performance of a Fire-Retardant Coating across Different Scales of Testing

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Hao Ng ◽  
Indraneel Suhas Zope ◽  
Aravind Dasari ◽  
Kang Hai Tan
Keyword(s):  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Protective System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Structural Scale

Material-scale tests involving milligrams of samples are used to optimize fire-retardant coating formulations, but actual applications of these coatings require them to be assessed with structural-scale fire tests. This significant difference in the scale of testing (milligrams to kilograms of sample) raises many questions on the relations between the inherent flammability and thermal characteristics of the coating materials and their “performance” at the structural scale. Moreover, the expected “performance” requirements and the definition of “performance” varies at different scales. In this regard, the pathway is not established when designing and formulating fire-retardant coatings for structural steel sections or members. This manuscript explores the fundamental relationships across different scales of testing with the help of a fire-protective system based on acrylic resin with a typical combination of intumescent additives, viz. ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and expandable graphite. One of the main outcomes of this work dictates that higher heat release rate values and larger amounts of material participating in the pyrolysis process per unit time will result in a rapid rise in steel substrate temperature. This information is very useful in the design and development of generic fire-retardant coatings.

scholarly journals The effect of diammonium phosphate and sodium silicate on the adhesion and fire properties of birch veneer

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-381
Author(s):  
Saara Hautamäki ◽  
Michael Altgen ◽  
Daniela Altgen ◽  
Erik Larnøy ◽  
Tuomas Hänninen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Diammonium Phosphate ◽  
Thermal Testing ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Fire Properties ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn built environments the combustibility of wood is a great concern, which limits the use of wood as a building material due to legislation. The reaction-to-fire properties of wood can be altered with the use of fire-retardant chemicals, and most of the commonly used fire retardants already have a long history of use. However, only limited information is available on the impact of different fire retardants on the adhesion properties of wood. Additionally, comparative studies between chemicals from different groups of fire retardants is scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of two commonly used fire retardants, sodium silicate (SS) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), on veneer properties, the focus being especially on thermal behavior and adhesion. Thermal properties and combustibility were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), flame test and calorimetry. Glue bond strength was analyzed with an automated bonding evaluation system (ABES) and the leaching of chemicals was determined according to EN84. Additionally, the surface characteristics of modified veneers were imaged with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results revealed notable differences in the thermal properties of SS and DAP, with DAP having better fire-retardant performance in all thermal testing. SS also affected thermal properties and combustibility of modified veneers, but the effect was only moderate compared to DAP. Neither SS or DAP had any significant resistance against leaching but ABES testing showed a notable increase in the glue bond strength of DAP modified veneers.

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