PEEK polymer flammability and the inadequacy of the UL-94 classification

Parina Patel; Terence Richard Hull; Colin Moffatt

doi:10.1002/fam.1100

SEBS-based thermoplastic elastomers containing aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate: Thermal degradation, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/0734904119830591 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 137-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xi Cheng ◽

Jianming Wu ◽

Yulin Li ◽

Chenguang Yao ◽

Guisheng Yang

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Thermoplastic Elastomers ◽

Char Residue ◽

Melamine Cyanurate ◽

Char Layer ◽

Phenylene Oxide ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Ul 94 ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Aluminum Hypophosphite

Aluminum hypophosphite combined with melamine cyanurate and poly(phenylene oxide) was applied to flame-retard TPE-S system (blends of SEBS and polyolefin). The flame-retardant properties of the TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO were investigated by LOI and vertical burning test (UL-94). The results indicated that TPE-S containing 16 wt% AHP, 20 wt% MCA, and 10 wt% PPO reached a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test, and its LOI value was 28.2%. It performed well in the cone calorimeter (reduction in peak heat release rate from 2001 to 494 kW m−2). Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy tests showed that AHP and MCA acted in gaseous phase, while AHP and PPO helped to form char residue. The SEM graphs demonstrated that continuous and compact films cover bubbles of the char layer in TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO. The proposed flame-retardant mechanisms of such systems were summarized.

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Flame Retardant Epoxy Resins Containing Microcapsules

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1346 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 197-198 ◽

pp. 1346-1349 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fa Chao Wu

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Cone Calorimeter ◽

Epoxy Resins ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Melamine Resin ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Ul 94

Bis(2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol) melaminium salt (Melabis) and microcapsules of Melabis with melamine resin shell as flame retardants (FR), respectively, were synthesized. Their structures were characterized by NMR, IR, SEM, TG and element analysis. 20% weight of microcapsules was doped into epoxy resins (EP) to get 28.5 % of LOI and UL 94 V-0. The heat and smoke release of EP containing microcapsules was valued by cone calorimeter.

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Development of Inherently Flame—Retardant Phosphorylated PLA by Combination of Ring-Opening Polymerization and Reactive Extrusion

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13010013 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rosica Mincheva ◽

Hazar Guemiza ◽

Chaimaa Hidan ◽

Sébastien Moins ◽

Olivier Coulembier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Ring Opening ◽

Coupling Reaction ◽

Reactive Extrusion ◽

Ring Opening Polymerization ◽

Hexamethylene Diisocyanate ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Loss Cone ◽

Ul 94

In this study, a highly efficient flame-retardant bioplastic poly(lactide) was developed by covalently incorporating flame-retardant DOPO, that is, 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. To that end, a three-step strategy that combines the catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L,L-lactide (L,L-LA) in bulk from a pre-synthesized DOPO-diamine initiator, followed by bulk chain-coupling reaction by reactive extrusion of the so-obtained phosphorylated polylactide (PLA) oligomers (DOPO-PLA) with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), is described. The flame retardancy of the phosphorylated PLA (DOPO-PLA-PU) was investigated by mass loss cone calorimetry and UL-94 tests. As compared with a commercially available PLA matrix, phosphorylated PLA shows superior flame-retardant properties, that is, (i) significant reduction of both the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 35% and 36%, respectively, and (ii) V0 classification at UL-94 test. Comparisons between simple physical DOPO-diamine/PLA blends and a DOPO-PLA-PU material were also performed. The results evidenced the superior flame-retardant behavior of phosphorylated PLA obtained by a reactive pathway.

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Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Polymer Flammability

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-278-47 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 278 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marc R. Nyden ◽

James E. Brown ◽

S. M. Lomakin

Keyword(s):

Molecular Dynamics ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Molecular Dynamic Simulations ◽

Dynamics Modeling ◽

Dynamic Simulations ◽

Char Formation ◽

Molecular Dynamics Modeling ◽

Linked Model ◽

Polymer Flammability

AbstractMolecular dynamic simulations were used to identify factors which promote char formation during the thermal degradation of polymers. Computer movies based on these simulations, indicate that cross-linked model polymers tend to undergo further cross-linking when burned, eventually forming a high molecular weight, thermally stable char. This prediction was confirmed by char yield measurements made on γ and e - irradiated polyethylene and chemically cross-linked poly(methyl methacrylate).

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Influence of mica mineral on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites

Open Chemistry ◽

10.1515/chem-2021-0072 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 904-915

Author(s):

Merve Kahraman ◽

Nilgün Kızılcan ◽

Mehmet Ali Oral

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effect ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Efficiency Enhancement ◽

Cost Performance ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Polypropylene Composites ◽

Polymeric Compounds ◽

Ul 94

Abstract In many plastic applications, improvement of the flame retardancy is a very significant topic. Polypropylene (PP) is used in many applications such as housing industry due to its cost performance efficiency. Enhancement of flame retardancy properties of PP is necessary in many applications. In this study, the investigation focuses on the synergistic effect of mica mineral and IFR in enhancing the flame retardancy properties of PP in order to achieve cost competitive solution, so as to provide that different/various ratios of IFR and mica mineral were added into PP to compose 30 wt% of the total mass of the polymeric compounds. The synergistic effect of mica mineral with IFR in PP was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), glow wire test (GWT), UL-94 test, thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA), and mechanical tests. The results from LOI, UL 94, and GWT tests indicated that mica added to PP/IFR compound has a synergistic flame retardancy effects with the IFR system. When the content of mica was 6 wt%, LOI value of PP compound reaches to 34.9% and becomes V-0 rating (3.2 mm) in UL 94 flammability tests and compounds pass GWT tests both at 750 and 850°C.

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The Flammability of Polyacrylonitrile and Its Copolymers I. The Flammability Assessment Using Pressed Powdered Polymer Samples

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/073490419301100505 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 442-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jun Zhang ◽

Michael E. Hall ◽

A. Richard Horrocks

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Char Residue ◽

Acrylic Polymer ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Convenient Means ◽

Burning Rates ◽

Polymer Flammability

This paper is the first in a series of four which investigates the burning behaviour and the influence of flame retardant species on the flam mability of fibre-forming polymer and copolymers of acrylonitrile. A pressed powdered polymer sheet technique is described that enables a range of polymer compositions in the presence and absence of flame retardants to be assessed for limiting oxygen index, burning rate and char residue deter minations. The method offers a rapid, reproducible and convenient means of screening possible flame retardant systems, and LOI values compare favourably with those of films and fabrics comprising the same polymeric type. Burning rates, however, are sensitive to changes in physical sample character such as form (film vs. powder sheet) and density. Thus the technique forms an excellent basis for the generation of burning data which will enable comprehensive studies of acrylic polymer flammability and flame retardancy to be undertaken.

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Influence of Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flammability and Tensile Behavior of Oil-Extended SEBS

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.749.65 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 749 ◽

pp. 65-70

Author(s):

Xiao Yan Li ◽

Yan Chun Li ◽

Chen Jie Shi ◽

Si Si Cai ◽

Xia Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽

Degradation Behavior ◽

Char Layer ◽

Micro Holes ◽

Ul 94 ◽

Limited Oxygen

A kind of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) were used for flame retarding of oil-extended hydrogenated styrene-butylenes-styrene (O-SEBS). The samples were systemically characterized by limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The results showed that the IFR retardant can promote residual chars with multi-micro holes on the surface of SEBS to inhibit flame; with 45% IFR content, the LOI is 28.3 and flame retardant level is UL-94 classification of V-0, with no dripping. The morphological structures observed by SEM demonstrated that higher IFR content promote to form larger and compact films cover on bubbles of the intumescent char layer. The TG data revealed that the IFR could change the degradation behavior of the O-SEBS, enhance the thermal stability and increase the char residue, The tensile strength of all the O-SEBS/IFR blends had the tensile strength of more than 4MPa and the elongation of more than 850%.

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Synthesis, characterization and thermal degradation kinetics of azomethine-based halogen-free flame-retardant polyphosphonates

High Performance Polymers ◽

10.1177/0954008317752073 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 86-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R Vini ◽

S Thenmozhi ◽

SC Murugavel

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Thermal Degradation ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Thermal Degradation Kinetics ◽

Spectroscopic Techniques ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Weight Percentage ◽

Ul 94

In this study, azomethine polyphosphonates were synthesized by solution polycondensation of phenylphosphonic dichloride with various azomethine diols such as [4-(4-hydroxy phenyl) iminomethyl] phenol, [(4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl) iminomethyl)] phenol and [4-(4-hydroxy-3-ethoxy phenyl) iminomethyl] phenol using triethylamine catalyst at ambient temperature. The structure of the synthesized polymers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and 1H-, 13C- and 31P- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. Thermal properties of the polymers were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry under nitrogen atmosphere. The TGA data showed that the synthesized polyphosphonates produce high char yield at 600°C due to the presence of phosphorous atom in the polymer chain and hence have good flame-retardant properties. One of the synthesized polyphosphonate was blended with commercial diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) resin in various weight percentage and cured with commercial curing agent triethylene tetramine (TETA). The polyphosphonates-blended epoxy thermosets have tensile strength in the range of 5–41 MPa and the percentage of elongation at breaks was 4–18. It was found that the incorporation of polyphosphonates into epoxy thermoset decreased the tensile strength from 41 MPa to 5 MPa, whereas the elongation at break value increased with increase in the weight percentage of polyphosphonate. The influence of polyphosphonates on the flame retardancy of blended thermosets was examined by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning (UL-94) tests and found that the polymer samples achieved an increased UL-94 rating and the LOI values were in the range of 24–26. Broido and Horowitz–Metzger methods have been used to study the thermal degradation kinetic parameters.

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