Predicting bioavailability and bioaccumulation with in vitro digestive fluid extraction

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 962-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald P. Weston ◽  
Keith A. Maruya
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Extraction ◽  
Digestive Fluid

Bioavailability and Speciation of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in Sewage Irrigated Soils in the Southeastern Suburbs of Beijing

2009 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 335-344
Author(s):  
Rong Zhang ◽  
Wen Hong Fan ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
Ru Meng Sun ◽  
Chun Mei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Fluid Extraction ◽  
Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽  
Beijing China ◽  
Cu And Zn ◽  
Digestive Fluid ◽  
Irrigated Soils

The bioavailability of trace metals in sewage irrigated soils in the southeastern suburbs of Beijing, China was examined by using in vitro digestive fluid extraction method. A sequential chemical extraction (SCE) procedure was used to measure the speciation of trace metals in soil samples, including Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn. The average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn were 2.23, 37.9, 59.9, and 127.0 mg kg-1, respectively, indicating that the heavy pollution of soils was caused by Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn which were mainly distributed in the residual phase, whereas Cd was mostly in the carbonate phase. The extraction efficiencies of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn quantified by the in vitro digestive fluid extraction method, were lower than those by the SCE procedure, and the extraction efficiencies of both methods followed the same pattern: Cd >Zn>Pb>Cu. The amount of trace metals extracted by using these two methods were positively correlated. Therefore, the in vitro digestive fluid extraction method can be used to examine the bioavailability of soil-bound trace metals.

scholarly journals Bioactive Compounds Obtained from Polish “Marynka” Hop Variety Using Efficient Two-Step Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Comparison of Their Antibacterial, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Proliferative Activities In Vitro

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2366
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Klimek ◽  
Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz ◽  
Malgorzata Miazga-Karska ◽  
Agnieszka Dębczak ◽  
Edward Rój ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Fluid Extraction ◽  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Fluid Extraction

Given the health-beneficial properties of compounds from hop, there is still a growing trend towards developing successful extraction methods with the highest yield and also receiving the products with high added value. The aim of this study was to develop efficient extraction method for isolation of bioactive compounds from the Polish “Marynka” hop variety. The modified two-step supercritical fluid extraction allowed to obtain two hop samples, namely crude extract (E1), composed of α-acids, β-acids, and terpene derivatives, as well as pure xanthohumol with higher yield than that of other available methods. The post-extraction residues (R1) were re-extracted in order to obtain extract E2 enriched in xanthohumol. Then, both samples were subjected to investigation of their antibacterial (anti-acne, anti-caries), cytotoxic, and anti-proliferative activities in vitro. It was demonstrated that extract (E1) possessed more beneficial biological properties than xanthohumol. It exhibited not only better antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria strains (MIC, MBC) but also possessed a higher synergistic effect with commercial antibiotics when compared to xanthohumol. Moreover, cell culture experiments revealed that crude extract neither inhibited viability nor divisions of normal skin fibroblasts as strongly as xanthohumol. In turn, calculated selectivity indexes showed that the crude extract had from slightly to significantly better selective anti-proliferative activity towards cancer cells in comparison with xanthohumol.

Mobilization of PCBs and Lindane from Soil during in Vitro Digestion and Their Distribution among Bile Salt Micelles and Proteins of Human Digestive Fluid and the Soil

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes G. Oomen ◽  
Adrienne J. A. M. Sips ◽  
John P. Groten ◽  
Dick T. H. M. Sijm ◽  
Johannes Tolls
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Digestive Fluid

scholarly journals The Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Alkaloids from Papaya (Carica papaya L. var. Eksotika) Leaves

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Fhaizal Mohamad Bukhari ◽  
Noorsaadah Abdul Rahman ◽  
Norzulaani Khalid ◽  
Ahmad Hazri Rashid ◽  
Mazita Mohd Diah
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Fluid Extraction ◽  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Fluid Extraction ◽  
Suspension Cells ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Pure Compounds

Since the isolation procedures are easy, many of the earliest pure compounds isolated with biological activitywere alkaloids. The nitrogen molecules in plant cells generally make the compound alkaline which makealkaloids exist in a salt form in plants. Thus, alkaloids are often extracted with water and/or acid solution systemand then recovered as crystalline material by treatment using a base. The alkaloid carpaine was extracted fromvarious part of Carica papaya L. var. Eksotika from field grown samples namely leaves, petiole and fruit peel,and from in vitro samples namely leaves, petiole, suspension cells and suspension liquid with only one artifact ofimpurity detected i.e. dehydrocarpaine II. Supercritical fluid extraction was analysed to obtain pure and highyield of carpaine compound as compared to conventional acid base extraction method. The ratio ofethanol/water/acetic acid used at 94.5:5:0.5 (v/v/v) was confirmed to be a better solvent system for carpaineextraction since only one pseudocarpaine i.e. dehydrocarpaine II was extracted together with carpaine. In thisstudy, the application of single fluid of carbon dioxide in supercritical fluid extraction procedure generated pureand higher yield of carpaine compound. Additional centrifugation step should have contributed to a higher purityof the extracted carpaine.

scholarly journals Ultrasound-Enhanced Subcritical Fluid Extraction of Essential Oil from Nymphaea alba var and Its Antioxidant Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 1448-1454
Author(s):  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Yang-Yang Fan ◽  
Wen-Gang Yu ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Wenju Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Fluid Extraction ◽  
Water Lily ◽  
Nymphaea Alba ◽  
Subcritical Fluid Extraction ◽  
Subcritical Fluid

Abstract Background: The essential oil content of the water lily is extremely low; thus, finding a new method that can extract essential oil from water lilies with a high extraction rate and no residual organic solvents is essential. Objective: The optimal processing conditions for the ultrasound-enhanced subcritical fluid extraction of essential oil from Nymphaea alba var (red water lily) and the antioxidant activity of the essential oil in vitro are investigated to provide theoretical bases for identification and development. Methods: Single-factor experiments and orthogonal designs are performed to determine the effects of extraction conditions on essential oil yields. The chemical composition of essential oil is analyzed using GC–MS. Results: The optimum extraction parameters are established as follows: extraction temperature, 35°C; extraction time, 30 min/time for four times; ratio of material to liquid, 1:3; ultrasound power, 250 W/L; and ultrasonic frequency, 20 kHz. The extraction rate of essential oil is 0.315% under these conditions. Eleven components comprise more than 1% content. The main chemical constituents are 8-hexadecyne (31.04%) and 2,6,10-trimethyl-tetradecane (3.95%). The essential oil from N. alba var has an antioxidant activity in vitro; however, its antioxidant activity is weaker than that of butylated hydroxytoluene. Conclusions: Subcritical fluid is suitable for the extraction of essential oil from N. alba var, and the essential oil has a good antioxidant activity. Highlights: The essential oil content of N. alba var is 0.315%. Forty-seven chemical constituents are identified and isolated from N. alba var and analyzed by GC–MS.

52 VITRIFICATION OF DAY-8 EQUINE EXPANDED BLASTOCYST: AN IN VITRO COMPARISON OF DIRECT VERSUS INDIRECT MECHANICAL INTRODUCTION OF CRYOPROTECTANT

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
F. A. Diaz ◽  
D. L. Paccamonti ◽  
K. R. Bondioli ◽  
G. T. Gentry
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Fluid Extraction ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Direct Treatment ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
High Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Indirect Treatment ◽  
Student’S T

The cryopreservation of equine expanded blastocysts (>300 μm) has been largely unsuccessful primarily due to the low permeability of the embryo to cryoprotectants. This low permeability has been attributed to the acellular glycoprotein capsule that develops when an embryo approaches approximately 300 μm in diameter. Mechanical alternatives may provide a means to overcome the capsule barrier and the relative large embryo size to successfully cryopreserve equine embryos. The objective of this experiment was to compare re-expansion rates of vitrified equine expanded blastocysts following either direct or indirect mechanical introduction of cryoprotectants using a coaxial microinjection system (Dracula pipette). Twenty-six Day-8 expanded blastocysts were subjected to capsule puncture, cryoprotectant injection, and blastocoele fluid extraction (direct treatment) or capsule puncture and blastocoele fluid extraction (indirect treatment) before cryopreservation. The Dracula pipette incorporates the injection pipette within the holding pipette, facilitating aspiration of blastocoele fluid or injection of cryoprotectant in a single unit. A standard vitrification protocol using a final concentration of 3.4 M glycerol and 4.6 M ethylene glycol at cryopreservation was used. Vitrified embryo re-expansion was assessed following in vitro culture at 24, 48, and 72 h post-warming. Differences across treatments were analysed using the Student's t-test for re-expansion and the chi-squared test of independence for capsule loss. Pre-vitrification embryo mean diameter (mean ± standard error) for direct and indirect treatment groups were not different, 979 ± 85.6 μm and 912 ± 101.4 μm, respectively (P = 0.62). Post-vitrification embryo mean diameters were not different for the direct and indirect treatments (688 ± 63 and 662 ± 75 μm, respectively; P = 0.79). Following 72 h of in vitro culture, there was no difference in mean embryo diameter (1813.16 ± 209 μm v. 1383.88 ± 198 μm; P = 0.21), or re-expansion rates (69 v. 69%) for direct and indirect treatment groups, respectively. However, partial or total capsule loss was 69% (9/13) for direct treatment embryos compared with 30% (4/13) for indirect treatment embryos (P = 0.049). Results from this experiment demonstrate that capsule puncture and blastocoele fluid extraction before vitrification resulted in high re-expansion rates of Day-8 equine expanded blastocysts after warming. More importantly, the relatively large percentage of capsule failure when directly introducing cryoprotectant into the embryo may interfere with maternal recognition of pregnancy following embryo transfer. Nonetheless, based on the embryonic re-expansion rate of vitrified equine embryos following the indirect technique, we anticipate that a relatively high pregnancy rate can be obtained if this technique is used.

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