scholarly journals Effects of agricultural stressors on growth and an immune status indicator in wood frog ( Lithobates sylvaticus ) tadpoles and metamorphs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle E. Ruso ◽  
Natacha S. Hogan ◽  
Claudia Sheedy ◽  
Melanie J. Gallant ◽  
Timothy D. Jardine
Keyword(s):  
Immune Status ◽  
Wood Frog ◽  
Lithobates Sylvaticus ◽  
Status Indicator

Influence of prey diet quality on predator-induced traits in wood frog tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Catherine Chuirazzi ◽  
Melissa Ocampo ◽  
Mizuki K. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Wood Frog ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lithobates Sylvaticus ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
Intestinal Length ◽  
Frog Tadpoles

Abstract Diet quality and predation are two critical factors in determining the growth and development of organisms. Various anurans are susceptible to phenotypic changes influenced by these factors. Yet, few studies examined prey diet quality as potential influence over predator-induced traits. Using wood frog tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus) as a model species, we investigated the effects of three diet compositions (plant-based, animal-based, omnivorous) crossed with presence or absence of chemical cues from predatory dragonfly larvae (Aeshnidae). After 35 days, we recorded 11 morphological measurements, Gosner stage, and intestinal length of tadpoles to assess phenotypic changes under the six different experimental conditions. Our results showed the additive effects of both diet quality and predator chemical cue without detection of interactions between the two. Tadpoles receiving the omnivorous diet grew and developed faster with wider denticle rows than those receiving the plant or animal diets. The growth and development of tadpoles receiving only the animal diet were significantly hindered. These results emphasize the importance of diet quality in the growth and development of larval wood frogs. Chemical cues from predators significantly reduced tadpole body size but, in contrast to previous findings, did not affect tail size. Our experimental procedure of providing water containing predator and injured conspecific chemical cues on a weekly basis likely provided relatively weak predation risk perceived by tadpoles compared to previous studies using caged predators. The predator environment in our experiment, however, represents one ecologically relevant scenario in which predation risk is not urgent.

scholarly journals Time-dependent latent inhibition of predator-recognition learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 20190183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam L. Crane ◽  
Douglas P. Chivers ◽  
Maud C. O. Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Latent Inhibition ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Predator Recognition ◽  
Wood Frog ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Lithobates Sylvaticus ◽  
Frog Tadpoles ◽  
Recognition Learning

To optimally manage an environment with predators, prey must correctly distinguish between cues that are risky and cues that are safe. Even a specific cue that is safe in one area or at a certain time may be dangerous in other situations, and vice versa. Latent inhibition is a cognitive mechanism by which animals fail to learn that a stimulus as risky because they have already learned it as non-threatening via previous encounters with the stimulus in the absence of negative consequences. Here, we demonstrate that latent inhibition of predator-recognition learning in wood frog tadpoles, Lithobates sylvaticus , depends on the timing of their learning opportunities. For 6 days, tadpoles were exposed daily to an initially novel stimulus (salamander odour), either in the morning (11.00–13.00 h) or evening (16.00–18.00 h). The following day, we conditioned tadpoles to recognize the salamander odour as a predator by pairing it with injured tadpole cues, either at the same time as their previous experience or at the opposite time. When tested the following day, latent inhibition occurred under each scenario where the timing of conditioning matched the timing of the pre-exposure. However, tadpoles tested in the morning showed learned fright responses when conditioned in the morning if their pre-exposure had occurred in the evening, whereas individuals tested in the evening showed learned fright responses when conditioned in the evening if their pre-exposure had occurred in the morning. This is the first report of time-dependent latent inhibition of predator-recognition learning, which is likely an important mechanism for correctly managing predation risk and safety.

scholarly journals Sodium perchlorate disrupts development and affects metamorphosis- and growth-related gene expression in tadpoles of the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 33-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bulaeva ◽  
Chantal Lanctôt ◽  
Leslie Reynolds ◽  
Vance L. Trudeau ◽  
Laia Navarro-Martín
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sodium Perchlorate ◽  
Wood Frog ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Lithobates Sylvaticus

scholarly journals Species loss in developed landscapes: an experimental evaluation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Shepack ◽  
Kealoha Freidenburg ◽  
David Skelly
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Rana Sylvatica ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Wood Frog ◽  
Species Loss ◽  
Landscape Development ◽  
Wood Frogs ◽  
Lithobates Sylvaticus ◽  
Human Use

Conversion of landscapes for human uses is widely associated with loss of biodiversity. Here we focus on limits to distribution defined by intensity of landscape development. Using a translocation experiment, we ask does degradation of wetland habitat contribute to species loss? Wood frog larvae (Rana sylvatica = Lithobates sylvaticus), were reared within enclosures in 7 ponds harboring populations of wood frogs and in 5 ponds where they are absent. Survival, growth rate, and development rate were equivalent between ‘present’ and ‘absent’ ponds. While it is clear that landscapes surrounding ‘absent’ ponds had been heavily influenced by human use, we find no evidence that such wetlands provide inferior habitat for wood frog recruitment. Their absence in human altered landscapes may stem from influences outside of pond basins. The results provide a caution to the typically unexamined presumption that relictual habitats in developed landscapes are degraded in their utility for wildlife.

scholarly journals Species loss in developed landscapes: an experimental evaluation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Shepack ◽  
Kealoha Freidenburg ◽  
David Skelly
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Rana Sylvatica ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Wood Frog ◽  
Species Loss ◽  
Landscape Development ◽  
Wood Frogs ◽  
Lithobates Sylvaticus ◽  
Human Use

Conversion of landscapes for human uses is widely associated with loss of biodiversity. Here we focus on limits to distribution defined by intensity of landscape development. Using a translocation experiment, we ask does degradation of wetland habitat contribute to species loss? Wood frog larvae (Rana sylvatica = Lithobates sylvaticus), were reared within enclosures in 7 ponds harboring populations of wood frogs and in 5 ponds where they are absent. Survival, growth rate, and development rate were equivalent between ‘present’ and ‘absent’ ponds. While it is clear that landscapes surrounding ‘absent’ ponds had been heavily influenced by human use, we find no evidence that such wetlands provide inferior habitat for wood frog recruitment. Their absence in human altered landscapes may stem from influences outside of pond basins. The results provide a caution to the typically unexamined presumption that relictual habitats in developed landscapes are degraded in their utility for wildlife.

scholarly journals Future winters present a complex energetic landscape of decreased costs and reduced risk for a freeze‐tolerant amphibian, the Wood Frog ( Lithobates sylvaticus )

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 6350-6362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan J. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Warren P. Porter ◽  
Jonathan N. Pauli ◽  
Michael R. Kearney ◽  
Michael Notaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Frog ◽  
Lithobates Sylvaticus ◽  
Freeze Tolerant ◽  
Reduced Risk

Differential uptake of gold nanoparticles by 2 species of tadpole, the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus ) and the bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus )

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 3351-3358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas B. Thompson ◽  
Gerardo L.F. Carfagno ◽  
Kurt Andresen ◽  
Andrea J. Sitton ◽  
Taylor Bury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Wood Frog ◽  
Lithobates Sylvaticus ◽  
Lithobates Catesbeianus
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