Response to Gard et al.'s (2021) Comments on the Critical Review “Polychlorinated Biphenyl Tissue‐Concentration Thresholds for Survival, Growth, and Reproduction in Fish”

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 2098-2109
Author(s):  
Jason P. Berninger ◽  
Donald E. Tillitt
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The Belgian PCB/Dioxin Incident: A Critical Review of Health Risks Evaluations

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bernard ◽  
S. Fierens
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Food Crisis ◽  
Toxic Equivalent ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Real Scale

The Belgian PCB/dioxin incident is a food contamination that occurred in Belgium in January 1999 when a tank of recycled fats used to produce animal feeds was accidentally contaminated by approximately 100 L of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) oil containing 50 kg PCBs expressed as the sum of the seven markers, 1 g (TEQ) dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and 2 g toxic equivalent (TEQ) dioxin-like PCBs. The incident was discovered when a poultry poisoning resembling the classic chick edema disease broke out in several farms that had received contaminated feeds. The delay in making public this incident resulted in a major political and food crisis and caused much concern in the population. We review here the health risk evaluations that were made after this incident and we assess the likelihood of the different scenarios by taking into account recent data on the real scale of the contamination and on the dioxin body burden of the general population in Belgium. These new data confirm that the incident was too limited in time and in scale to have increased the PCB/dioxin body burden of the general population at large, a conclusion supported by a survey of dioxin levels in blood conducted at the end of 1999. Only farmers in poultry farms affected by the incident (about 30 farms) and having regularly consumed their own products could have increased their PCB/dioxin body burden. It is unlikely, however, that these farmers could have increased their PCB/dioxin body burden above levels prevailing in the 1980s or now found in communities regularly consuming seafood.

Fine Structural Alterations in Thyroid Follicular Cells (FC) and Changes in Serum Thyroxine Produced by Feeding Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) to Rats

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 498-499
Author(s):  
W.T. Collins ◽  
Charles C. Capen ◽  
Louis Kasza
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Heat Transfer Fluids ◽  
Thyroid Follicular Cells ◽  
Peripheral Metabolism

The widespread contamination of the environment with PCB, a compound used extensively by industry in hydraulic and heat transfer fluids as well as plasticizers and solvents in adhesives and sealants, has resulted in detectable tissue levels in a large portion of the human population, domestic animals, and wildlife. Intoxication with PCB produces severe hepatic necrosis, degeneration of lymphoid tissues and kidney, skin lesions, decreased reproductive performance, reduced feed efficiency, and decreased weight gain. PCB also has been reported to reduce the binding of thyroid hormone to serum proteins and enhance the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine with increased excretion of thyroxine-glucuronide in the bile (Bastomsky, Endocrinology 95: 1150-1155, 1974).The objectives of this investigation were (1) to investigate the histopathologic, histochemical, and ultrastructural changes in thyroid FC produced by the acute (4 week) and chronic (12 week) administration of low (50 ppm) and high (500 ppm) doses of PCB to rats, (2) to correlate these alterations to changes in serum immunoreactive thyroxine concentration, and (3) to investigate the persistence of the effects of PCB on the thyroid gland.

Fine Structure of Type IV Glycogenosis

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 464-465
Author(s):  
P.K. Simons
Keyword(s):  
Needle Biopsy ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Type Iv Glycogenosis ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Enzymatic Defect

Glycogenosis is defined as any condition in which the tissue concentration of glycogen is increased. There are currently ten recognized variants of glycogenosis that are heritable inborn errors of metabolism. The specific enzymatic defect in each of the variants is known or at least suspected. In all cases, the enzymatic defect prevents the proper metabolism or formation of the glycogen molecule. The clinical and histologic differences between the types of glycogenosis is important to a proper diagnosis after the presence of such a condition is realized. This study was initiated to examine the ultrastructure of the rare Type IV Glycogenosis (Amylopectinosis) of which there is very little morphologic characterization in the literature.Liver tissue was obtained by needle biopsy from a 12-month-old Oriental female who was originally admitted to the hospital after observation of poor development, loss of appetite, and hepatomegaly. The majority of the tissue was fixed for light microscopy in neutral buffered formalin and processed using routine and special staining procedures (reticulin, trichrome, iron, copper, PAS, PAS-diastase and PAS-pectinase.

Polychlorinated biphenyl induced hepatocyte alterations

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 716-717
Author(s):  
D.N. Collins ◽  
J.N. Turner ◽  
K.O. Brosch ◽  
R.F. Seegal
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Homovanillic Acid ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Urinary Levels ◽  
The Brain

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a ubiquitous class of environmental pollutants with toxic and hepatocellular effects, including accumulation of fat, proliferated smooth endoplasmic recticulum (SER), and concentric membrane arrays (CMAs) (1-3). The CMAs appear to be a membrane storage and degeneration organelle composed of a large number of concentric membrane layers usually surrounding one or more lipid droplets often with internalized membrane fragments (3). The present study documents liver alteration after a short term single dose exposure to PCBs with high chlorine content, and correlates them with reported animal weights and central nervous system (CNS) measures. In the brain PCB congeners were concentrated in particular regions (4) while catecholamine concentrations were decreased (4-6). Urinary levels of homovanillic acid a dopamine metabolite were evaluated (7).Wistar rats were gavaged with corn oil (6 controls), or with a 1:1 mixture of Aroclor 1254 and 1260 in corn oil at 500 or 1000 mg total PCB/kg (6 at each level).

Semi-synthesis as a tool for broadening the health applications of bioactive olive secoiridoids: a critical review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Oliverio ◽  
Monica Nardi ◽  
Maria Luisa Di Gioia ◽  
Paola Costanzo ◽  
Sonia Bonacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Synthetic Analogues ◽  
Health Applications ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

Semi-synthesis is an effective strategy to obtain both natural and synthetic analogues of the olive secoiridoids, starting from easy accessible natural compounds.

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