Assessing and mitigating simulated population-level effects of 3 herbicides to a threatened plant: Application of a species-specific population model ofBoltonia decurrens

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1545-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelie Schmolke ◽  
Richard Brain ◽  
Pernille Thorbek ◽  
Daniel Perkins ◽  
Valery Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Population Model ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Simulated Population ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Threatened Plant ◽  
Species Specific

Species-specific population trends detected for penguins, gulls and cormorants over 20 years in sub-Antarctic Fuegian Archipelago

Polar Biology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1343-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Raya Rey ◽  
Natalia Rosciano ◽  
Marcela Liljesthröm ◽  
Ricardo Sáenz Samaniego ◽  
Adrián Schiavini
Keyword(s):  
Population Trends ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Species Specific

Hemispheric laterality and an evolutionary perspective

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Hemispheric Specialization ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Specific Behavior ◽  
Evolutionary Advantage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Prior State

Denenberg rightly stresses the importance of studying ethologically meaningful species-specific behavior in animals, and makes the interesting distinction between lateralization at an individual and at a population level. However, in the case of man, I believe Denenberg is wrong in arguing that lateralization in the individual increases with maturation. The overall evidence nowadays tends very much to the contrary. Moreover, with respect to a population, why should it become lateralized? If there is indeed an advantage for the individual in hemispheric specialization, why should the direction of such specialization be so consistent across a majority of individuals, whether human or, as Denenberg points out, other members of the phylum? Is there an evolutionary advantage in most animals' sharing the same direction, or is it a necessary consequence of some other preexisting, more fundamental anatomical, biochemical, or physical property of the organism and its constituents? If the former, why are not all members of the species, rather than just a majority, lateralized in the same direction? (Or, to put it another way, what is the evolutionary advantage to the species or individual of dimorphism, of retaining a minority who polarize in the opposite direction?) If the latter - i.e., if lateralization is a necessary consequence of some prior state - then there should not be any dimorphism, exceptions, or minority members, unless they are somehow disadvantaged in consequence. Indeed, there is some evidence of a cognitive deficit in sinistrals, though it is disputed (see Bradshaw 1980 for review), and others have even suggested that the species as a whole may benefit in some way from such an uneven dimorphism (Levy 1974), but what evidence is there for such propositions with respect to rats, apes, monkeys, or chicks? This is an issue that should be addressed in any general model that includes laterality in animals. [See Corhallis & Morgan: “On the Biological Basis of Human Laterality” BBS 1(2) 1978.]

scholarly journals Genetic diversity in threatened plant species Alnus nitida (Spach.) Endel

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-318
Author(s):  
Muhammad Khalil Ullah Khan ◽  
Noor Muhammad ◽  
Nisar Uddin ◽  
Niaz Ali ◽  
Muhammad Umer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Plant Conservation ◽  
Protein Characterization ◽  
Threatened Plant ◽  
Threatened Plant Species ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Species Specific

Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. is an ethnobotanically important threatened plant species. The genetic diversity among the 50 different genotypes of Alnus nitida was carried out using sodium dodecyl sulfate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) characterization. A considerable amount of genetic diversity (90%) was observed among the genotypes of A. nitida. The protein characterization was carried out on 12% gel electrophoresis. A total of 10 protein bands were detected in A. nitida genotypes. SDS-PAGE procedure is a useful method for the investigation of both genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship. Especially, B-5 was monomorphic in A. nitida genotypes and was considered as species specific. All other bands/loci were polymorphic. These polymorphic bands displayed 12, 16, 72, 88, 2, 44, 84, 54 and 12 percent variation respectively. In the present examination, the high intra-specific diversity was observed representing SDS-PAGE is a powerful tool for determining the genetically diverse germplasms in A. nitida. The results obtained by this study could be helpful in the identification and selection of desired genotypes of Alnus nitida for conservation programmes in future. Today, there is still a need to assess genetic variation and protect genetic resources, especially of wild species for prospective benefits in plant conservation programmes.

scholarly journals Selective sweep suggests transcriptional regulation may underlie Plasmodium vivax resilience to malaria control measures in Cambodia

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (50) ◽  
pp. E8096-E8105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Parobek ◽  
Jessica T. Lin ◽  
David L. Saunders ◽  
Eric J. Barnett ◽  
Chanthap Lon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Selective Sweep ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Species Specific

Cambodia, in which both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are endemic, has been the focus of numerous malaria-control interventions, resulting in a marked decline in overall malaria incidence. Despite this decline, the number of P. vivax cases has actually increased. To understand better the factors underlying this resilience, we compared the genetic responses of the two species to recent selective pressures. We sequenced and studied the genomes of 70 P. vivax and 80 P. falciparum isolates collected between 2009 and 2013. We found that although P. falciparum has undergone population fracturing, the coendemic P. vivax population has grown undisrupted, resulting in a larger effective population size, no discernable population structure, and frequent multiclonal infections. Signatures of selection suggest recent, species-specific evolutionary differences. Particularly, in contrast to P. falciparum, P. vivax transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, and histone deacetylases have undergone strong directional selection, including a particularly strong selective sweep at an AP2 transcription factor. Together, our findings point to different population-level adaptive mechanisms used by P. vivax and P. falciparum parasites. Although population substructuring in P. falciparum has resulted in clonal outgrowths of resistant parasites, P. vivax may use a nuanced transcriptional regulatory approach to population maintenance, enabling it to preserve a larger, more diverse population better suited to facing selective threats. We conclude that transcriptional control may underlie P. vivax’s resilience to malaria control measures. Novel strategies to target such processes are likely required to eradicate P. vivax and achieve malaria elimination.

Ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions are not suitable for intra- or inter-specific phylogeny reconstruction in haplosclerid sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1251-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niamh E. Redmond ◽  
Grace P. McCormack
Keyword(s):  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS-1 and ITS-2) were employed to investigate relationships between putatively very closely related species of marine haplosclerids and to investigate the species status of Haliclona cinerea. Results indicate that intra-genomic and intra-specific levels of diversity are equivalent, and sequences from multiple clones from a number of individuals of a single species could not be separated on phylogenetic trees. As a result, the ITS regions are not suitable markers for population level studies in marine haplosclerids. Sequences of these regions were highly species specific, and large differences were found between species. ITS sequences from three Callyspongia and three Haliclona species could not be aligned successfully and therefore this locus could not be used to investigate relationships between these putative close relatives. However, ITS sequences retrieved from one H. cinerea were very different from sequences generated from other H. cinerea individuals indicating that this species comprises more than one taxon.

scholarly journals Population level genetic differentiation among temperate Neoconocephalus katydids

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gideon Ney
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Genetic Isolation ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
Habitat Generalist ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Impact

Recent work indicates that radiation events may play a significant role in shaping species diversity across entire continents. Here we quantify population level genetic differentiation in several species of Neoconocephalus katydids in order to determine the mechanisms of genetic isolation across a continental scale. Patterns of genetic isolation can be generalized into four types: isolation by resistance (IBR), isolation by barrier (IBB), isolation by distance (IBD), and epigenetic incompatibility. N. melanorhinus is a salt marsh specialist restricted to a narrow corridor along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. IBD was the predominant pattern of variation across their range. In addition, we saw evidence of two possible biogeographic barriers to gene flow (IBB), one at the Atlantic-Gulf divide and the other along the Gulf coast. We investigated the impact of IBR by comparing genetic differentiation between a habitat specialist, N. bivocatus, and a habitat generalist, N. robustus. Similar levels of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation were present within populations of both species. Genetic variation and epigenetic changes can diverge between populations in isolation. We found significant variation in total methylation levels between N. bivocatus and N. robustus. Genetic differentiation did a better job of explaining species-specific phenotypes than epigenetic differentiation. Epigenetic differentiation, although present between species, is likely the result of an interaction between genetic and epigenetic loci.

scholarly journals Transposable elements strongly contribute to cell-specific and species-specific looping diversity in mammalian genomes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam G Diehl ◽  
Ningxin Ouyang ◽  
Alan P Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ctcf Binding ◽  
Ctcf Binding Site ◽  
3D Genome ◽  
Chromatin Looping ◽  
Mammalian Genomes ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractBackgroundChromatin looping is exceedingly important to gene regulation and a host of other nuclear processes. Many recent insights into 3D chromatin structure across species and cell types have contributed to our understanding of the principles governing chromatin looping. However, 3D genome evolution and how it relates to Mendelian selection remain largely unexplored. CTCF, an insulator protein found at most loop anchors, has been described as the “master weaver” of mammalian genomes, and variations in CTCF occupancy are known to influence looping divergence. A large fraction of mammalian CTCF binding sites fall within transposable elements (TEs) but their contributions to looping variation are unknown. Here we investigated the effect of TE-driven CTCF binding site expansions on chromatin looping in human and mouse.ResultsTEs have broadly contributed to CTCF binding and loop boundary specification, primarily forming variable loops across species and cell types and contributing nearly 1/3 of species-specific and cell-specific loops.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that TE activity is a major source of looping variability across species and cell types. Thus, TE-mediated CTCF expansions explain a large fraction of population-level looping variation and may play a role in adaptive evolution.

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