Abstract
Background: In recent years, simultaneous participation in electrical energy and ancillary services markets has been very profitable for distributed energy resources (DERs). Moreover, the presence of renewable generations along with energy storage systems (ESS) is bringing a significant contribution to modern distribution systems. High penetration of non-predictable power sources in microgrids (MGs), due to the uncertainties of these products, increases the need for ancillary services and the management and coordination of these technologies combined with the ESSs. Results: For the first time, this paper develops a robust particle swarm optimization model to handle the uncertain renewable power production involved in the joint active/reactive and reserve scheduling of a smart MG. The robust optimization approach has a medium priority compared to deterministic and stochastic ones. The objective function utilized for the optimal joint active/reactive and reserve scheduling of an MG is defined as maximizing social welfare, which is accomplished based on a max-min optimization model. The robust optimal solution can be achieved in such a way that the maximizer at the outer level makes an optimal decision against the worst-case objective function, which is acquired based on the minimizer at the inner level considering the uncertainty neighborhood. Conclusions: The effectiveness of the proposed method is examined on a 33-bus MG test system. Simulation results prove that the proposed RPSO model can help MG operators to reduce scheduling costs to obtain a higher social welfare. The consideration of more uncertainty in renewable energy resources production leads to higher operation costs, especially reserve costs. Integration of robustness against uncertainty in the joint active/reactive and reserve management in the smart MGs leads to a more robust operation at the expense of higher costs.