Fundamentals of coal combustion for clean and efficient use, L. Douglas Smoot, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1993) 751 pages, [ISBN No.: 0–444–896430] U.S. List Price: $271.50

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. F11-F11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Doctor
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
List Price

scholarly journals Long range and local air pollution: what can we learn from chemical speciation of particulate matter at paired sites?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Pandolfi ◽  
Dennis Mooibroek ◽  
Philip Hopke ◽  
Dominik van Pinxteren ◽  
Xavier Querol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Maritime Shipping ◽  
Source Contributions

Abstract. We report here results of a detailed analysis of the urban and non-urban contributions to PM concentrations and source contributions in 5 European cities, namely: Shiedam (The Netherlands; NL), Lens (France; FR), Leipzig (Germany; DE), Zurich (Switzerland; CH) and Barcelona (Spain; ES). PM chemically speciated data from 12 European paired monitoring sites (1 traffic, 5 urban, 5 regional and 1 continental background) were analyzed by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Lenschow's approach to assign measured PM and source contributions to the different spatial levels. Five common sources were obtained at the 12 sites: sulfate-rich (SSA) and nitrate-rich (NSA) aerosols, road traffic (RT), mineral matter (MM), and sea salt (SS). These sources explained from 55 % to 88 % of PM mass at urban low-traffic impact sites (UB) depending on the country. Three additional common sources were detected at a subset of sites/countries, namely: biomass burning (BB) (FR, CH, and DE), explaining an additional 9–13 % of PM mass, residual oil combustion (V-Ni), and primary industrial (IND) (NL and ES), together explaining an additional 11–15 % of PM mass. In all countries, the majority of PM measured at UB sites was of regional + continental (R + C) nature (64–74 %). The R + C PM increments due to anthropogenic emissions were in the range 10–11 μg/m3 in CH, NL and DE (52 %, 62 % and 66 %, respectively, of UB PM mass), followed by ES (8 g/m3; 32 %) and FR (5 g/m3; 23 %). Overall, the R + C PM increments due to natural and anthropogenic sources showed opposite seasonal profiles with the former increasing in summer and the latter increasing in winter, even if exceptions were observed. In ES, the anthropogenic R + C PM increment was higher in summer due to high contributions from regional SSA and V-Ni sources, both being mostly related to maritime shipping emissions at the Spanish sites. Conversely, in the other countries, higher anthropogenic R + C PM increments in winter were mostly due to high contributions from NSA and BB regional sources during the cold season. On annual average, the sources showing higher R + C increments were SSA (77–91 % of SSA source contribution at urban level), NSA (51–94 %), MM (58–80 %), BB (42–78 %), IND (91 % in the Netherlands). Other sources showing high R + C increments were photochemistry (PHO) and coal combustion (CC) (97–99 %; detected only in DE). The highest regional SSA increment was observed in ES, especially in summer, and was related to ship emissions, enhanced photochemistry and peculiar meteorological patterns of the Western Mediterranean. The highest R + C and urban NSA increments were observed in NL and associated with high availability of precursors such as NOx and NH3. Conversely, on average, the sources showing higher local increments were RT (62–90 % at all sites) and V-Ni (65–80 % in ES and NL). The relationship between SSA and V-Ni indicated that the contribution of ship emissions to the local sulfate concentrations in NL strongly decreased from 2007 thanks to the shift from high-sulfur to low-sulfur content fuel used by ships. Based on the present analysis, an improvement of air quality in the 5 cities included here could be achieved by further reducing local (urban) emissions of PM, NOx and NH3 (from both traffic and non-traffic sources) but also SO2 and PM (from maritime ships and ports) and giving high relevance to non-urban contributions by further reducing emissions of SO2 (maritime shipping) and NH3 (agriculture) and those from industry, regional BB sources and coal combustion.

scholarly journals Economic evaluation of orphan drug Lutetium-Octreotate vs. Octreotide long-acting release for patients with an advanced midgut neuroendocrine tumour in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marije E. Hagendijk ◽  
Simon van der Schans ◽  
Cornelis Boersma ◽  
Maarten J. Postma ◽  
Simon van der Pol
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
List Price ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Multiple studies showed positive effects of Lutetium-Octreotate (LO) treatment in neuroendocrine tumours. LO has been used in the Netherlands since the 1980s and recently received the orphan status shortly after the acquisition by Novartis. Since then, the official list price has increased sixfold. From a value-based pricing perspective, we analysed the impact of the increase in price on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of LO treatment compared to optimal best supportive care, a high dose of Octreotide long-acting release (O-LAR), using the clinical data of the NETTER-1 trial. Methods A Markov model was developed to evaluate the costs per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) for LO treatment compared to O-LAR from the healthcare perspective. A scenario analysis was conducted to compare the cost-effectiveness with the initial and increased price level of the LO-treatment. Results At the increased price level, the cost-effectiveness analysis rendered a deterministic ICER of €53,500 per QALY, while at the initial pricing, the ICER was €19,000 per QALY. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) showed that LO had a high probability of being cost-effective at both the increased and initial price level, considering a cost-effectiveness threshold of €80,000. Conclusions Even at the increased price level, LO treatment can still be considered cost-effective using the applicable Dutch willingness-to-pay threshold of 80,000 euro per QALY. Considering the public scrutiny in relation to this price increase, these outcomes raise the question whether traditional cost-effectiveness methods are sufficient in fully capturing the societal acceptance of prices of new medicines.

Identifying Sources of Sulfate Aerosols Reaching Whiteface Mountain, NY

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
James S. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Sulfate Aerosols ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
Whiteface Mountain ◽  
Toxic Trace Metals

INTRODUCTION“Acid rain” and “acid deposition” are terms no longer confined to the lexicon of atmospheric scientists and 1imnologists. Public awareness of and concern over this phenomenon, particularly as it affects acid-sensitive regions of North America, have increased dramatically in the last five years. Temperate ecosystems are suffering from decreased pH caused by acid deposition. Human health may be directly affected by respirable sulfates and by the increased solubility of toxic trace metals in acidified waters. Even man's monuments are deteriorating as airborne acids etch metal and stone features.Sulfates account for about two thirds of airborne acids with wet and dry deposition contributing equally to acids reaching surface waters or ground. The industrial Midwest is widely assumed to be the source of most sulfates reaching the acid-sensitive Northeast since S02 emitted as a byproduct of coal combustion in the Midwest dwarfs S02 emitted from all sources in the Northeast.

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