Fixation of heavy contaminants of a dirty bomb attack: Studies with uranium and metal simulants

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. McGehee ◽  
Victor F. Medina ◽  
Rochelle M. Martino ◽  
Anthony J. Bednar ◽  
Charles A. Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dirty Bomb ◽  
Bomb Attack

Analysis of the antidote requirements and outcomes of different radionuclide decorporation strategies for a scenario of a “dirty bomb” attack

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Rump, MD, PhD, MHBA ◽  
Daniela Stricklin, PhD ◽  
Andreas Lamkowski, MD ◽  
Stefan Eder, MD ◽  
Michael Abend, MD, PhD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Precautionary Approach ◽  
Dirty Bomb ◽  
Cesium 137 ◽  
Bomb Attack ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Radionuclide Incorporation ◽  
Dose Reductions

Objective: In radiological emergencies, there is a risk of radionuclide incorporation. The radiological doses absorbed can be reduced by decorporation treatment. Antidote requirements depend on the scenario and treatment strategy (“urgent approach”: immediate treatment of all patients with possible incorporation; “precautionary approach”: treatment only after confirmation of incorporation). We calculated the number of daily antidote doses for different scenarios and the differences in outcome for both treatment strategies.Design: The number of potentially contaminated victims was varied from 1,000 to 60,000 (a maximum that might seem plausible for “dirty bomb” scenarios in Germany), the proportion of patients actually needing decorporation treatment from 0.1 percent to 100 percent, the radioactive screening capacities from 250 to 2,500 people/day and treatment duration from 10 to 90 days. The outcomes were assessed as total statistical lifetime saved assuming an inhalation of 1 mCi cesium-137 and the achievable dose reductions by a Prussian Blue treatment.Results: Assuming 1 percent of the potentially contaminated people actually needing treatment, applying an “urgent approach” the requirements for 1,000 victims range from 1,100 to 3,400 and for 60,000 victims from 489,000 to 4,400,000 daily doses, depending on treatment duration and screening capacities. The “urgent approach” is associated with larger stockpile requirements than the “precautionary approach”, up to several hundred times in large-scale scenarios if the proportion of people actually needing treatment is low. The impact of the screening capacities is particularly important in large-scale scenarios, a low proportion of people needing treatment and extended treatment duration. The outcome is better for an “urgent approach” particularly in large-scale scenarios and low screening capacities.Conclusions: If only a small fraction of the victims actually needs treatment, their timely identification by enhancing screening capacities may be the most efficacious way to reduce antidote requirements. In large-scale scenarios, it might be necessary to abandon the medically preferable “urgent approach” for an antidote-sparing “precautionary approach”.  

scholarly journals Estimation of radiation-induced health hazards from a “dirty bomb” attack with radiocesium under different assault and rescue conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Rump ◽  
Stefan Eder ◽  
Cornelius Hermann ◽  
Andreas Lamkowski ◽  
Patrick Ostheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Scenario Planning ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
External Irradiation ◽  
Red Bone Marrow ◽  
Dirty Bomb ◽  
Cesium 137 ◽  
Bomb Attack ◽  
The U.S

AbstractIn the case of a terrorist attack by a “dirty bomb”, blast injuries, external irradiation and the incorporation of radioactivity are to be expected. Departing from information about the radiological attack scenario with cesium-137 in the U.S. National Scenario Planning Guide, we estimated the radiological doses absorbed. Similar calculations were performed for a smaller plume size and a detonation in a subway. For conditions as described in the U.S. scenario, the committed effective dose amounted to a maximum of 848 mSv, even for very unfavorable conditions. Red bone marrow equivalent doses are insufficient to induce acute radiation sickness (ARS). In the case of a smaller plume size, the ARS threshold may be exceeded in some cases. In a subway bombing, doses are much higher and the occurrence of ARS should be expected. The health hazards from a dirty bomb attack will depend on the location and the explosive device. The derived Haddon matrix indicates that preparing for such an event includes education of all the medical staff about radiation effects, the time lines of radiation damages and the treatment priorities. Further determinants of the outcome include rapid evacuation even from difficult locations, the availability of a specific triage tool to rapidly identify victims at risk for ARS, the availability of an antidote stockpile and dedicated hospital beds to treat seriously irradiated victims.

scholarly journals Preparing for a “dirty bomb” attack: the optimum mix of medical countermeasure resources

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Rump ◽  
Patrick Ostheim ◽  
Stefan Eder ◽  
Cornelius Hermann ◽  
Michael Abend ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dirty Bomb ◽  
Efficient Resource ◽  
Cesium 137 ◽  
Optimal Resource ◽  
Bomb Attack ◽  
Screening Equipment

Abstract Background In radiological emergencies with radionuclide incorporation, decorporation treatment is particularly effective if started early. Treating all people potentially contaminated (“urgent treatment”) may require large antidote stockpiles. An efficacious way to reduce antidote requirements is by using radioactivity screening equipment. We analyzed the suitability of such equipment for triage purposes and determined the most efficient mix of screening units and antidote daily doses. Methods The committed effective doses corresponding to activities within the detection limits of monitoring portals and mobile whole-body counters were used to assess their usefulness as triage tools. To determine the optimal resource mix, we departed from a large-scale scenario (60,000 victims) and based on purchase prices of antidotes and screening equipment in Germany, we calculated efficiencies of different combinations of medical countermeasure resources by data envelopment analysis. Cost-effectiveness was expressed as the costs per life year saved and compared to risk reduction opportunities in other sectors of society as well as the values of a statistical life. Results Monitoring portals are adequate instruments for a sensitive triage after cesium-137 exposure with a high screening throughput. For the detection of americium-241 whole-body counters with a lower daily screening capacity per unit are needed. Assuming that 1% of the potentially contaminated patients actually need decorporation treatment, an efficient resource mix includes 6 monitoring portals and 25 mobile whole-body counters. The optimum mix depends on price discounts and in particular the fraction of victims actually needing treatment. The cost-effectiveness of preparedness for a “dirty bomb” attack is less than for common health care, but costs for a life year saved are less than for many risk-reduction interventions in the environmental sector. Conclusion To achieve economic efficiency a high daily screening capacity is of major importance to substantially decrease the required amount of antidote doses. Among the determinants of the number of equipment units needed, the fraction of the potentially contaminated victims that actually needs treatment is the most difficult to assess. Judging cost-effectiveness of the preparedness for “dirty bomb” attacks is an issue of principle that must be dealt with by political leaders.

The Impact of Time on Decorporation Efficacy After a “Dirty Bomb” Attack Studied by Simulation

Drug Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 607-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rump ◽  
D. Stricklin ◽  
A. Lamkowski ◽  
S. Eder ◽  
M. Abend ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dirty Bomb ◽  
Bomb Attack ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Analysis of a dirty bomb attack in a large metropolitan area: simulate the dispersion of radioactive materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. P02019-P02019
Author(s):  
S. Biancotto ◽  
A. Malizia ◽  
M. Pinto ◽  
G.M. Contessa ◽  
A. Coniglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Radioactive Materials ◽  
Dirty Bomb ◽  
Large Metropolitan Area ◽  
Bomb Attack

DECONTAMINATION AND REMEDIATION AFTER A DIRTY BOMB ATTACK

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer C. Bulkeley
Keyword(s):  
Dirty Bomb ◽  
Bomb Attack

scholarly journals Medical management of victims contaminated with radionuclides after a “dirty bomb” attack

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Rump ◽  
Benjamin Becker ◽  
Stefan Eder ◽  
Andreas Lamkowski ◽  
Michael Abend ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Management ◽  
Dirty Bomb ◽  
Bomb Attack

A Bomb Attack on a Shopping Mall

2015 ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry W. Richardson ◽  
Qisheng Pan ◽  
Peter Gordon ◽  
James E. Moore ◽  
JiYoung Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Bomb Attack
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