scholarly journals Genotoxicity of surface water treated with different disinfectants using in situ plant tests

2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Monarca ◽  
M. Rizzoni ◽  
B. Gustavino ◽  
C. Zani ◽  
A. Alberti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water

The Vyredox and Nitredox Methods of in situ Treatment of Groundwater

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Braester ◽  
Rudolf Martinell
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Nitrate Treatment ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Iron And Manganese

Nearly one fifth of all water used in the world is obtained from groundwater. The protection of water has become a high priority goal. During the last decades pollution of water has become more and more severe. Today groundwater is more and more used in comparison with surface water. Recently we have seen accidents, which can pollute nearly all surface water very quickly. Generally the groundwater is easier to protect, as well as cheaper to purify, and above all it is of better quality than the surface water. During the past two decades, alternatives to the traditional method of treating the water in filters have been developed, that is in situ water treatment i.e. the VYREDOX and NITREDOX methods. The most common problem regarding groundwater is too high content of iron and manganese, which can be reduced with the VYREDOX method. In some areas today there are severe problems with pollution by hydrocarbons and nitrate as well, and with modification of the VYREDOX treatment method it is used for hydrocarbon and nitrate treatment as well. The method to reduce the nitrate and nitrite is known as the NITREDOX method.

scholarly journals Absence of Surface Water Temperature Trends in Lake Kinneret despite Present Atmospheric Warming: Comparisons with Dead Sea Trends

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3461
Author(s):  
Pavel Kishcha ◽  
Boris Starobinets ◽  
Yury Lechinsky ◽  
Pinhas Alpert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Lake Kinneret ◽  
Surface Water Temperature ◽  
Water Lake ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Atmospheric Warming ◽  
Fresh Water Lake

This study was carried out using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 1 km × 1 km resolution records on board Terra and Aqua satellites and in-situ measurements during the period (2003–2019). In spite of the presence of increasing atmospheric warming, in summer when evaporation is maximal, in fresh-water Lake Kinneret, satellite data revealed the absence of surface water temperature (SWT) trends. The absence of SWT trends in the presence of increasing atmospheric warming is an indication of the influence of increasing evaporation on SWT trends. The increasing water cooling, due to the above-mentioned increasing evaporation, compensated for increasing heating of surface water by regional atmospheric warming, resulting in the absence of SWT trends. In contrast to fresh-water Lake Kinneret, in the hypersaline Dead Sea, located ~100 km apart, MODIS records showed an increasing trend of 0.8 °C decade−1 in summer SWT during the same study period. The presence of increasing SWT trends in the presence of increasing atmospheric warming is an indication of the absence of steadily increasing evaporation in the Dead Sea. This is supported by a constant drop in Dead Sea water level at the rate of ~1 m/year from year to year during the last 25-year period (1995–2020). In summer, in contrast to satellite measurements, in-situ measurements of near-surface water temperature in Lake Kinneret showed an increasing trend of 0.7 °C  decade−1.

An integrated decision support system using satellite and in-situ data for coastal area hazard mitigation and resilience to natural disasters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Kontopoulos ◽  
Nikos Grammalidis ◽  
Dimitra Kitsiou ◽  
Vasiliki Charalampopoulou ◽  
Anastasios Tzepkenlis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Support System ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Hazard Mitigation ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Landsat 8

<p>Nowadays, the importance of coastal areas is greater than ever, with approximately 10% of the global population living in these areas. These zones are an intermediate space between sea and land and are exposed to a variety of natural (e.g. ground deformation, coastal erosion, flooding, tornados, sea level rise, etc.) and anthropogenic (e.g. excessive urbanisation) hazards. Therefore, their conservation and proper sustainable management is deemed crucial both for economic and environmental purposes. The main goal of the Greece-China bilateral research project “EPIPELAGIC: ExPert Integrated suPport systEm for coastaL mixed urbAn – industrial – critical infrastructure monitorinG usIng Combined technologies” is the design and deployment of an integrated Decision Support System (DSS) for hazard mitigation and resilience. The system exploits near-real time data from both satellite and in-situ sources to efficiently identify and produce alerts for important risks (e.g. coastal flooding, soil erosion, degradation, subsidence), as well as to monitor other important changes (e.g. urbanization, coastline). To this end, a robust methodology has been defined by fusing satellite data (Optical/multispectral, SAR, High Resolution imagery, DEMs etc.) and in situ real-time measurements (tide gauges, GPS/GNSS etc.). For the satellite data pre-processing chain, image composite/mosaic generation techniques will be implemented via Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform in order to access Sentinel 1, Sentinel 2, Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 imagery for the studied time period (1991-2021). These optical and SAR composites will be stored into the main database of the EPIPELAGIC server, after all necessary harmonization and correction techniques, along with other products that are not yet available in GEE (e.g. ERS or Sentinel-1 SLC products) and will have to be locally processed. A Machine Learning (ML) module, using data from this main database will be trained to extract additional high-level information (e.g. coastlines, surface water, urban areas, etc.). Both conventional (e.g. Otsu thresholding, Random Forest, Simple Non-Iterative Clustering (SNIC) algorithm, etc.) and deep learning approaches (e.g. U-NET convolutional networks) will be deployed to address problems such as surface water detection and land cover/use classification. Additionally, in-situ or auxiliary/cadastral datasets will be used as ground truth data. Finally, a Decision Support System (DSS), will be developed to periodically monitor the evolution of these measurements, detect significant changes that may indicate impending risks and hazards, and issue alarms along with suggestions for appropriate actions to mitigate the detected risks. Through the project, the extensive use of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (xAI) techniques will also be investigated in order to provide “explainable recommendations” that will significantly facilitate the users to choose the optimal mitigation approach. The proposed integrated monitoring solutions is currently under development and will be applied in two Areas of Interest, namely Thermaic Gulf in Thessaloniki, Greece, and the Yellow River Delta in China. They are expected to provide valuable knowledge, methodologies and modern techniques for exploring the relevant physical mechanisms and offer an innovative decision support tool. Additionally, all project related research activities will provide ongoing support to the local culture, society, economy and environment in both involved countries, Greece and China.</p>

Remediation of PCB-containing sediments using surface water diversion “dry excavation”: a case study

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Praeger ◽  
Stuart D. Messur ◽  
Richard P. DiFiore
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Sediment Removal ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
The Many ◽  
Groundwater Infiltration

Remediation of contaminated sediments presents an on-going challenge in the efforts toward improved water quality and environmental restoration. Faced with this challenge, Mercury Marine recently selected a remedial alternative that included diverting creek flow and removing approximately 5,900 in-situ cubic meters of sediments containing PCBs from an impoundment in Cedar Creek. The regulatory objective was to remove all sediment containing PCBs “to the extent practicable” from an 180-meter stretch of the impoundment. A remedial investigation was conducted to collect the data necessary to characterize the site and prepare a remedial design. Technical issues involved with dry excavation that were critical to implementing this alternative included: channel diversion, sediment characterization, pond dewatering, wastewater treatment, groundwater infiltration, surface water run-off, and sediment removal, handling and disposal. Mercury Marine and its engineering staff found sediment removal by dry excavation to be a labor intensive and costly means of remediating the PCB-affected sediments at this site. Before implementing dry excavation at any site, owners, consultants, and regulatory agencies must realize the many limitations of this alternative and give special consideration to site conditions, engineering, and planning.

scholarly journals Surface waters properties in the Laptev and the East-Siberian Seas in summer 2018 from in situ and satellite data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Tarasenko ◽  
Alexandre Supply ◽  
Nikita Kusse-Tiuz ◽  
Vladimir Ivanov ◽  
Mikhail Makhotin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Ekman Transport ◽  
Water Displacement ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Ocean Salinity

Abstract. Variability of surface water masses of the Laptev and the East-Siberian seas in August–September 2018 is studied using in situ and satellite data. In situ data was collected during ARKTIKA-2018 expedition and then completed with satellite estimates of sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), sea surface height, satellite-derived wind speeds and sea ice concentrations. Derivation of SSS is still challenging in high latitude regions, and the quality of Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) SSS retrieval was improved by applying a threshold on SSS weekly error. The validity of SST and SSS products is demonstrated using ARKTIKA-2018 continuous thermosalinograph measurements and CTD casts. The surface gradients and mixing of river and sea waters in the free of ice and ice covered areas is described with a special attention to the marginal ice zone. The Ekman transport was calculated to better understand the pathway of surface water displacement. T-S diagram using surface satellite estimates shows a possibility to investigate the surface water masses transformation in detail.

scholarly journals An Observing System Simulation Experiment for the Calibration and Validation of the Surface Water Ocean Topography Sea Surface Height Measurement Using In Situ Platforms

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinbo Wang ◽  
Lee-Lueng Fu ◽  
Bo Qiu ◽  
Dimitris Menemenlis ◽  
J. Thomas Farrar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Simulation Experiment ◽  
System Simulation ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Station Keeping ◽  
Calibration And Validation ◽  
Wavenumber Spectrum ◽  
Ocean Topography ◽  
Observing System Simulation Experiment

AbstractThe wavenumber spectrum of sea surface height (SSH) is an important indicator of the dynamics of the ocean interior. While the SSH wavenumber spectrum has been well studied at mesoscale wavelengths and longer, using both in situ oceanographic measurements and satellite altimetry, it remains largely unknown for wavelengths less than ~70 km. The Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission aims to resolve the SSH wavenumber spectrum at 15–150-km wavelengths, which is specified as one of the mission requirements. The mission calibration and validation (CalVal) requires the ground truth of a synoptic SSH field to resolve the targeted wavelengths, but no existing observational network is able to fulfill the task. A high-resolution global ocean simulation is used to conduct an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) to identify the suitable oceanographic in situ measurements for SWOT SSH CalVal. After fixing 20 measuring locations (the minimum number for resolving 15–150-km wavelengths) along the SWOT swath, four instrument platforms were tested: pressure-sensor-equipped inverted echo sounders (PIES), underway conductivity–temperature–depth (UCTD) sensors, instrumented moorings, and underwater gliders. In the context of the OSSE, PIES was found to be an unsuitable tool for the target region and for SSH scales 15–70 km; the slowness of a single UCTD leads to significant aliasing by high-frequency motions at short wavelengths below ~30 km; an array of station-keeping gliders may meet the requirement; and an array of moorings is the most effective system among the four tested instruments for meeting the mission’s requirement. The results shown here warrant a prelaunch field campaign to further test the performance of station-keeping gliders.

In Situ Test Research for the Affect of Surface Water Seepage on the Ground Fissures Action

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 3233-3237
Author(s):  
Xin Sheng Li ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Tian Zhu Xu ◽  
Hua Jun Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Differential Settlement ◽  
Injection Test ◽  
Water Seepage ◽  
Ground Fissures ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Water Injection Test

An in-situ water injection test across Xi’ an ground fissures has been done, in order to simulate the activity of the fissures after water seeps, from October to December, 2005. According to the settlement observed of the bottom of testing pit, it is proven that the surface water seepage speeds the movement of ground fissures. Usually, the soil on the hanging wall of the fissures is more fragmentized than that on the footwall, which is propitious to water seepage. The seepage promotes the interaction between water and soil particles and brings about the differential settlement of two sides of fissures. Therefore, surface water seepage accelerates the activity of the ground fissures.

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