scholarly journals Dynamics of IL‐15/IL‐15Rα expression in response to HSV‐1 infection reveal a novel mode of viral immune evasion counteracted by iNKT cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał J. Sobkowiak ◽  
Dominic Paquin‐Proulx ◽  
Lidija Bosnjak ◽  
Markus Moll ◽  
Margaret Sällberg Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Inkt Cells ◽  
Viral Immune Evasion ◽  
Hsv 1

scholarly journals HSV-1-Induced SOCS-1 Expression in Keratinocytes: Use of a SOCS-1 Antagonist to Block a Novel Mechanism of Viral Immune Evasion

2009 ◽  
Vol 183 (2) ◽  
pp. 1253-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth G. Frey ◽  
Chulbul M. I. Ahmed ◽  
Rea Dabelic ◽  
Lindsey D. Jager ◽  
Ezra N. Noon-Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Viral Immune Evasion ◽  
Hsv 1

scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Evades the Effects of Antibody and Complement In Vivo

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (18) ◽  
pp. 9232-9241 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Lubinski ◽  
Ming Jiang ◽  
Lauren Hook ◽  
Yueh Chang ◽  
Chad Sarver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Complement Components ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes a complement-interacting glycoprotein, gC, and an immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc binding glycoprotein, gE, that mediate immune evasion by affecting multiple aspects of innate and acquired immunity, including interfering with complement components C1q, C3, C5, and properdin and blocking antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Previous studies evaluated the individual contributions of gC and gE to immune evasion. Experiments in a murine model that examines the combined effects of gC and gE immune evasion on pathogenesis are now reported. Virulence of wild-type HSV-1 is compared with mutant viruses defective in gC-mediated C3 binding, gE-mediated IgG Fc binding, or both immune evasion activities. Eliminating both activities greatly increased susceptibility of HSV-1 to antibody and complement neutralization in vitro and markedly reduced virulence in vivo as measured by disease scores, virus titers, and mortality. Studies with C3 knockout mice indicated that other activities attributed to these glycoproteins, such as gC-mediated virus attachment to heparan sulfate or gE-mediated cell-to-cell spread, do not account for the reduced virulence of mutant viruses. The results support the importance of gC and gE immune evasion in vivo and suggest potential new targets for prevention and treatment of HSV disease.

scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection of Neuronal and Non-Neuronal Cells Elicits Specific Innate Immune Responses and Immune Evasion Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Verzosa ◽  
Lea A. McGeever ◽  
Shun-Je Bhark ◽  
Tracie Delgado ◽  
Nicole Salazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Hsv 1

Alphaherpesviruses (α-HV) are a large family of double-stranded DNA viruses which cause many human and animal diseases. There are three human α-HVs: Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). All α-HV have evolved multiple strategies to suppress or exploit host cell innate immune signaling pathways to aid in their infections. All α-HVs initially infect epithelial cells (primary site of infection), and later spread to infect innervating sensory neurons. As with all herpesviruses, α-HVs have both a lytic (productive) and latent (dormant) stage of infection. During the lytic stage, the virus rapidly replicates in epithelial cells before it is cleared by the immune system. In contrast, latent infection in host neurons is a life-long infection. Upon infection of mucosal epithelial cells, herpesviruses immediately employ a variety of cellular mechanisms to evade host detection during active replication. Next, infectious viral progeny bud from infected cells and fuse to neuronal axonal terminals. Here, the nucleocapsid is transported via sensory neuron axons to the ganglion cell body, where latency is established until viral reactivation. This review will primarily focus on how HSV-1 induces various innate immune responses, including host cell recognition of viral constituents by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), induction of IFN-mediated immune responses involving toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways, and cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING). This review focuses on these pathways along with other mechanisms including autophagy and the complement system. We will summarize and discuss recent evidence which has revealed how HSV-1 is able to manipulate and evade host antiviral innate immune responses both in neuronal (sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia) and non-neuronal (epithelial) cells. Understanding the innate immune response mechanisms triggered by HSV-1 infection, and the mechanisms of innate immune evasion, will impact the development of future therapeutic treatments.

scholarly journals Structure of the Infective Getah Virus at 2.8 Å-resolution Determined by Cryo-electron Microscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aojie Wang ◽  
Feng Zhou ◽  
Congcong Liu ◽  
Dongsheng Gao ◽  
Ruxi Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Cell Invasion ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Host Cell Invasion ◽  
Hydrophobic Pocket ◽  
Viral Immune Evasion ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Reproductive Losses ◽  
Getah Virus

Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can cause a mild illness and reproductive losses in animals. Although antibodies to GETV have been found in humans, there are no reports of clinical symptom associated with GETV. However, antivirals or vaccine against GETV is still unavailable due to lack of knowledge of the structure of GETV virion. Here, we present the structure of mature GETV at a resolution of 2.8 Å with capsid protein, envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2. Glycosylation and S-acylation sites in E1 and E2 are identified. The surface-exposed glycans demonstrated their impact on the viral immune evasion and host cell invasion. The S-acylation sites strongly stabilize the virion. In addition, a cholesterol and phospholipid molecule are observed in transmembrane hydrophobic pocket, together with two more cholesterols surround the pocket. These structural information are helpful for structure-based antivirals and vaccine design.

New insights into the structure of the MHC class I peptide-loading complex and mechanisms of TAP inhibition by viral immune evasion proteins

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrique Praest ◽  
A. Manuel Liaci ◽  
Friedrich Förster ◽  
Emmanuel J.H.J. Wiertz
Keyword(s):  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Class I ◽  
Viral Immune Evasion ◽  
Peptide Loading

scholarly journals Suppression of NF-κB Activity: A Viral Immune Evasion Mechanism

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyao Deng ◽  
Qiurui Zeng ◽  
Mingshu Wang ◽  
Anchun Cheng ◽  
Renyong Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Adaptor Proteins ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzymes ◽  
Immune Evasion Mechanism ◽  
Viral Immune Evasion ◽  
Antiviral Genes ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Small Hydrophobic

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an important transcription factor that induces the expression of antiviral genes and viral genes. NF-κB activation needs the activation of NF-κB upstream molecules, which include receptors, adaptor proteins, NF-κB (IκB) kinases (IKKs), IκBα, and NF-κB dimer p50/p65. To survive, viruses have evolved the capacity to utilize various strategies that inhibit NF-κB activity, including targeting receptors, adaptor proteins, IKKs, IκBα, and p50/p65. To inhibit NF-κB activation, viruses encode several specific NF-κB inhibitors, including NS3/4, 3C and 3C-like proteases, viral deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), phosphodegron-like (PDL) motifs, viral protein phosphatase (PPase)-binding proteins, and small hydrophobic (SH) proteins. Finally, we briefly describe the immune evasion mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) by inhibiting NF-κB activity in productive and latent infections. This paper reviews a viral mechanism of immune evasion that involves the suppression of NF-κB activation to provide new insights into and references for the control and prevention of viral diseases.

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