scholarly journals At what spatial scales are alternative stable states relevant in highly interconnected ecosystems?

Ecology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim A. Karatayev ◽  
Marissa L. Baskett
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Alternative Stable States ◽  
Stable States

scholarly journals Catastrophic Hydraulic Failure and Tipping Points in Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Johnson ◽  
Gabriel G Katul ◽  
Jean-Christophe Domec
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Alternative Stable States ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Tipping Points ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Xylem Embolism ◽  
Plant Hydraulics ◽  
Hydraulic Failure

Water inside plants forms a continuous chain from water in soils to the water evaporating from leaf surfaces. Failures in this chain result in reduced transpiration and photosynthesis and these failures are caused by soil drying and/or cavitation-induced xylem embolism. Xylem embolism and plant hydraulic failure share a number of analogies to “catastrophe theory” in dynamical systems. These catastrophes are often represented in the physiological and ecological literature as tipping points or alternative stable states when control variables exogenous (e.g. soil water potential) or endogenous (e.g. leaf water potential) to the plant are allowed to slowly vary. Here, plant hydraulics viewed from the perspective of catastrophes at multiple spatial scales is considered with attention to bubble expansion (i.e. cavitation), organ-scale vulnerability to embolism, and whole-plant biomass as a proxy for transpiration and hydraulic function. The hydraulic safety-efficiency tradeoff, hydraulic segmentation and maximum plant transpiration are examined using this framework. Underlying mechanisms for hydraulic failure at very fine scales such as pit membranes, intermediate scales such as xylem network properties and at larger scales such as soil-tree hydraulic pathways are discussed. Lacunarity areas in plant hydraulics are also flagged where progress is urgently needed.

scholarly journals At what spatial scales are alternative stable states relevant in highly interconnected ecosystems?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim A. Karatayev ◽  
Marissa L. Baskett
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Alternative Stable States ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Environmental Stochasticity ◽  
Rocky Reef ◽  
Alternative States ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Rocky Reefs ◽  
Model Predictions

AbstractWhether ecosystems recover from disturbance depends on the presence of alternative stable states, which are theoretically possible in simple models of many systems. However, definitive empirical evidence for this phenomenon remains limited to demographically closed ecosystems such as lakes. In more interconnected systems such as temperate rocky reefs, the local relevance of alternative stable states might erode as immigration overwhelms local feedbacks and produces a single stable state. At larger spatial scales, dispersal might counter localized disturbance and feedbacks to synchronize states throughout a region. Here, we quantify how interconnectedness affects the relevance of alternative stable states using dynamical models of California rocky reef communities that incorporate observed environmental stochasticity and feedback loops in kelp-urchin-predator interactions. Our models demonstrate the potential for localized alternative states despite high interconnectedness likely due to feedbacks affecting dispersers as they settle into local communities. Regionally, such feedbacks affecting settlement can produce a mosaic of alternative stable states that span local (10-20km) scales despite the synchronizing effect of long-distance dispersal. The specific spatial scale and duration of each state predominantly depend on the scales of environmental variation and on local dynamics (here, fishing). Model predictions reflect observed scales of community states in California rocky reefs and suggest how alternative states co-occur in the wide array of marine and terrestrial systems with settlement feedbacks.

scholarly journals Persistent Clones and Local Seed Recruitment Contribute to the Resilience of Enhalus acoroides Populations Under Disturbance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Dierick ◽  
Thi Thuy Hang Phan ◽  
Quang Doc Luong ◽  
Ludwig Triest
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Alternative Stable States ◽  
Seagrass Species ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Enhalus Acoroides ◽  
South Central

Human-induced land use in coastal areas is one of the main threats for seagrass meadows globally causing eutrophication and sedimentation. These environmental stressors induce sudden ecosystem shifts toward new alternative stable states defined by lower seagrass richness and abundance. Enhalus acoroides, a large-sized tropical seagrass species, appears to be more resistant toward environmental change compared to coexisting seagrass species. We hypothesize that reproductive strategy and the extent of seedling recruitment of E. acoroides are altered under disturbance and contribute to the persistence and resilience of E. acoroides meadows. In this research, we studied eight populations of E. acoroides in four lagoons along the South Central Coast of Vietnam using 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci. We classified land use in 6 classes based on Sentinel-2 L2A images and determined the effect of human-induced land use at different spatial scales on clonal richness and structure, fine-scale genetic structure and genetic diversity. No evidence of population size reductions due to disturbance was found, however, lagoons were strongly differentiated and may act as barriers to gene flow. The proportion and size of clones were significantly higher in populations of surrounding catchments with larger areas of agriculture, urbanization and aquaculture. We postulate that large resistant genets contribute to the resilience of E. acoroides meadows under high levels of disturbance. Although the importance of clonal growth increases with disturbance, sexual reproduction and the subsequent recruitment of seedlings remains an essential strategy for the persistence of populations of E. acoroides and should be prioritized in conservation measures to ensure broad-scale and long-term resilience toward future environmental change.

Fire Feedbacks with Vegetation and Alternative Stable States

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Beckage ◽  
Chris Ellingwood ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Stable States ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Fire Feedbacks

Are systems with strong underlying abiotic regimes more likely to exhibit alternative stable states?

Oikos ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael K. Didham ◽  
Corinne H. Watts ◽  
David A. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Stable States ◽  
Stable States

scholarly journals Path-dependent institutions drive alternative stable states in conservation

2018 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward W. Tekwa ◽  
Eli P. Fenichel ◽  
Simon A. Levin ◽  
Malin L. Pinsky
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Alternative Stable States ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Alternative Stable State ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Path Dependent

Understanding why some renewable resources are overharvested while others are conserved remains an important challenge. Most explanations focus on institutional or ecological differences among resources. Here, we provide theoretical and empirical evidence that conservation and overharvest can be alternative stable states within the same exclusive-resource management system because of path-dependent processes, including slow institutional adaptation. Surprisingly, this theory predicts that the alternative states of strong conservation or overharvest are most likely for resources that were previously thought to be easily conserved under optimal management or even open access. Quantitative analyses of harvest rates from 217 intensely managed fisheries supports the predictions. Fisheries’ harvest rates also showed transient dynamics characteristic of path dependence, as well as convergence to the alternative stable state after unexpected transitions. This statistical evidence for path dependence differs from previous empirical support that was based largely on case studies, experiments, and distributional analyses. Alternative stable states in conservation appear likely outcomes for many cooperatively managed renewable resources, which implies that achieving conservation outcomes hinges on harnessing existing policy tools to navigate transitions.

scholarly journals Effects of biological legacies and herbivory on fuels and flammability traits: A long-term experimental study of alternative stable states

2017 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 1309-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisa Blackhall ◽  
Estela Raffaele ◽  
Juan Paritsis ◽  
Florencia Tiribelli ◽  
Juan M. Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Alternative Stable States ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Biological Legacies

scholarly journals Resilience of Alternative Stable States during the Recovery of Shallow Lakes from Eutrophication: Lake Veluwe as a Case Study

Ecosystems ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bas W. Ibelings ◽  
Rob Portielje ◽  
Eddy H. R. R. Lammens ◽  
Ruurd Noordhuis ◽  
Marcel S. van den Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Lakes ◽  
Alternative Stable States ◽  
Stable States
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