Finite-element analysis of electron waveguide discontinuities with arbitrary potential and effective mass distributions

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Gotoh ◽  
Masanori Koshiba
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Effective Mass ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Mass Distributions ◽  
Waveguide Discontinuities ◽  
Electron Waveguide ◽  
Arbitrary Potential

scholarly journals Simulating sauropod manus-only trackway formation using finite-element analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Falkingham ◽  
K. T. Bates ◽  
L. Margetts ◽  
P. L. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Mass Distributions ◽  
Track Formation

The occurrence of sauropod manus-only trackways in the fossil record is poorly understood, limiting their potential for understanding locomotor mechanics and behaviour. To elucidate possible causative mechanisms for these traces, finite-element analyses were conducted to model the indentation of substrate by the feet of Diplodocus and Brachiosaurus . Loading was accomplished by applying mass, centre of mass and foot surface area predictions to a range of substrates to model track formation. Experimental results show that when pressure differs between manus and pes, as determined by the distribution of weight and size of respective autopodia, there is a range of substrate shear strengths for which only the manus (or pes) produce enough pressure to deform the substrate, generating a track. If existing reconstructions of sauropod feet and mass distributions are correct, then different taxa will produce either manus- or pes-only trackways in specific substrates. As a result of this work, it is predicted that the occurrence of manus- or pes-only trackways may show geo-temporal correlation with the occurrence of body fossils of specific taxa.

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