scholarly journals The burden of size and growth for the juveniles of large mammalian herbivores: Structural and functional constraints in the feeding biology of juveniles relative to adults in red kangaroos, Osphranter rufus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence J. Dawson ◽  
Melinda A. Norton ◽  
Suzette Rodoreda ◽  
Sarah K. Abbott ◽  
Steven R. McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Functional Constraints ◽  
Mammalian Herbivores ◽  
Feeding Biology

Optimal control of higher order differential inclusions with functional constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elimhan N. Mahmudov
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Optimality Conditions ◽  
Differential Inclusion ◽  
Differential Inclusions ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Sufficient Optimality Conditions ◽  
Functional Constraints ◽  
Complementary Slackness ◽  
Complementary Slackness Conditions

The present paper studies the Mayer problem with higher order evolution differential inclusions and functional constraints of optimal control theory (PFC); to this end first we use an interesting auxiliary problem with second order discrete-time and discrete approximate inclusions (PFD). Are proved necessary and sufficient conditions incorporating the Euler–Lagrange inclusion, the Hamiltonian inclusion, the transversality and complementary slackness conditions. The basic concept of obtaining optimal conditions is locally adjoint mappings and equivalence results. Then combining these results and passing to the limit in the discrete approximations we establish new sufficient optimality conditions for second order continuous-time evolution inclusions. This approach and results make a bridge between optimal control problem with higher order differential inclusion (PFC) and constrained mathematical programming problems in finite-dimensional spaces. Formulation of the transversality and complementary slackness conditions for second order differential inclusions play a substantial role in the next investigations without which it is hardly ever possible to get any optimality conditions; consequently, these results are generalized to the problem with an arbitrary higher order differential inclusion. Furthermore, application of these results is demonstrated by solving some semilinear problem with second and third order differential inclusions.

scholarly journals Contrasting capabilities of two ungulate species to cope with extremes of aridity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Boyers ◽  
Francesca Parrini ◽  
Norman Owen-Smith ◽  
Barend F. N. Erasmus ◽  
Robyn S. Hetem
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Water ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Mammalian Herbivores ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Connochaetes Taurinus

AbstractSouthern Africa is expected to experience increased frequency and intensity of droughts through climate change, which will adversely affect mammalian herbivores. Using bio-loggers, we tested the expectation that wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), a grazer with high water-dependence, would be more sensitive to drought conditions than the arid-adapted gemsbok (Oryx gazella gazella). The study, conducted in the Kalahari, encompassed two hot-dry seasons with similar ambient temperatures but differing rainfall patterns during the preceding wet season. In the drier year both ungulates selected similar cooler microclimates, but wildebeest travelled larger distances than gemsbok, presumably in search of water. Body temperatures in both species reached lower daily minimums and higher daily maximums in the drier season but daily fluctuations were wider in wildebeest than in gemsbok. Lower daily minimum body temperatures displayed by wildebeest suggest that wildebeest were under greater nutritional stress than gemsbok. Moving large distances when water is scarce may have compromised the energy balance of the water dependent wildebeest, a trade-off likely to be exacerbated with future climate change.

scholarly journals Mammalian herbivores restrict the altitudinal range limits of alpine plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua S. Lynn ◽  
Tom E. X. Miller ◽  
Jennifer A. Rudgers
Keyword(s):  
Alpine Plants ◽  
Range Limits ◽  
Mammalian Herbivores ◽  
Altitudinal Range

scholarly journals A mechanistic understanding of repellent function against mammalian herbivores

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca S. Stutz ◽  
Louisan Verschuur ◽  
Olof Leimar ◽  
Ulrika A. Bergvall
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Herbivores ◽  
Mechanistic Understanding

scholarly journals Rapid, landscape scale responses in riparian tundra vegetation to exclusion of small and large mammalian herbivores

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 643-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virve Tuulia Ravolainen ◽  
Kari Anne Bråthen ◽  
Rolf Anker Ims ◽  
Nigel Gilles Yoccoz ◽  
John-André Henden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Mammalian Herbivores ◽  
Tundra Vegetation

scholarly journals Comparative chewing efficiency in mammalian herbivores

Oikos ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 1623-1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Fritz ◽  
Jürgen Hummel ◽  
Ellen Kienzle ◽  
Christian Arnold ◽  
Charles Nunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Herbivores ◽  
Chewing Efficiency

Dispersal ofAcaciaseeds by ungulates and ostriches in an African savanna

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxine F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
African Savanna ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
Mammalian Herbivores ◽  
Open Environments ◽  
Presence And Absence

ABSTRACTThe dispersal of AfricanAcaciaseeds in the presence and absence of large mammalian herbivores and ostriches was assessed in a savanna ecosystem in South Africa. In the absence of large herbivores,A. tortilisandA. niloticapods were mainly dispersed in the shade, directly beneath the tree crown and seeds remained in pods for over 18 months. In the presence of large herbivores,A. tortilis, A. niloticaandA. karrooseeds were freed from pods and were dispersed into open, non-shaded habitats. Impala dispersed mostA. tortilisseeds (18,900 ha−1), giraffe mostA. niloticaseeds (1060 ha−1) and giraffe and kudu mostA. karrooseeds (452 and 448 ha−1, respectively). Seedling survival in dung in open environments may exceed that of seedlings in soil shaded beneath the tree crown. It appears that seed dispersal by large herbivores may be advantageous to future seedling recruitment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document