scholarly journals High concentrations of environmental ammonia induced changes in large‐scale loach ( Paramisgurnus dabryanus ) immunity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun‐Long Zhang ◽  
Ze‐Hao Shang ◽  
Guang‐Yi Wang ◽  
Kun You ◽  
Di Mi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Paramisgurnus Dabryanus ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Induced Changes

Identification of N-Substituted Triazolo-azetidines as Novel Antibacterials using pDualrep2 HTS Platform

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-354
Author(s):  
Yan A. Ivanenkov ◽  
Renat S. Yamidanov ◽  
Ilya A. Osterman ◽  
Petr V. Sergiev ◽  
Vladimir A. Aladinskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Reporter System ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mic Value

Aim and Objective: Antibiotic resistance is a serious constraint to the development of new effective antibacterials. Therefore, the discovery of the new antibacterials remains one of the main challenges in modern medicinal chemistry. This study was undertaken to identify novel molecules with antibacterial activity. Materials and Methods: Using our unique double-reporter system, in-house large-scale HTS campaign was conducted for the identification of antibacterial potency of small-molecule compounds. The construction allows us to visually assess the underlying mechanism of action. After the initial HTS and rescreen procedure, luciferase assay, C14-test, determination of MIC value and PrestoBlue test were carried out. Results: HTS rounds and rescreen campaign have revealed the antibacterial activity of a series of Nsubstituted triazolo-azetidines and their isosteric derivatives that has not been reported previously. Primary hit-molecule demonstrated a MIC value of 12.5 µg/mL against E. coli Δ tolC with signs of translation blockage and no SOS-response. Translation inhibition (26%, luciferase assay) was achieved at high concentrations up to 160 µg/mL, while no activity was found using C14-test. The compound did not demonstrate cytotoxicity in the PrestoBlue assay against a panel of eukaryotic cells. Within a series of direct structural analogues bearing the same or bioisosteric scaffold, compound 2 was found to have an improved antibacterial potency (MIC=6.25 µg/mL) close to Erythromycin (MIC=2.5-5 µg/mL) against the same strain. In contrast to the parent hit, this compound was more active and selective, and provided a robust IP position. Conclusion: N-substituted triazolo-azetidine scaffold may be used as a versatile starting point for the development of novel active and selective antibacterial compounds.

scholarly journals Gastric bypass in female rats lowers concentrated sugar solution intake and preference without affecting brief-access licking after long-term sugar exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (5) ◽  
pp. R870-R885
Author(s):  
Kellie M. Hyde ◽  
Ginger D. Blonde ◽  
Marco Bueter ◽  
Carel W. le Roux ◽  
Alan C. Spector
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Solution Intake ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Surgically Induced

In rodents, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) decreases intake of, and preference for, foods or fluids that are high in sugar. Whether these surgically induced changes are due to decreases in the palatability of sugar stimuli is controversial. We used RYGB and sham-operated (SHAM) female rats to test the influence of prolonged ingestive experience with sugar solutions on the motivational potency of these stimuli to drive licking in brief-access (BA) tests. In experiment 1, RYGB attenuated intake of, and caloric preference for, 0.3 M sucrose during five consecutive, 46-h two-bottle tests (TBTs; sucrose). A second series of TBTs (5 consecutive, 46-h tests) with 1.0 M sucrose revealed similar results, except fluid preference for 1.0 M sucrose also significantly decreased. Before, between, and after the two series of TBTs, two sessions of BA tests (30 min; 10-s trials) with an array of sucrose concentrations (0 and 0.01–1.0 M) were conducted. Concentration-dependent licking and overall trial initiation did not differ between surgical groups in any test. In a similar experimental design in a second cohort of female rats, 0.6 and 2.0 M glucose (isocaloric with sucrose concentrations in experiment 1) were used in the TBTs; 0 and 0.06-2.0 M glucose were used in the BA tests. Outcomes were similar to those for experiment 1, except RYGB rats initiated fewer trials during the BA tests. Although RYGB profoundly affected intake of, and caloric preference for, sugar solutions and, with high concentrations, fluid preference, RYGB never influenced the motivational potency of sucrose or glucose to drive concentration-dependent licking in BA tests.

Making Brains run Faster: are they Becoming Smarter?

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Pahor ◽  
Norbert Jaušovec
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Electric Activity ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Theories Of Intelligence ◽  
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation ◽  
Neural Efficiency ◽  
Individual Alpha Frequency ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Raven’S Matrices

AbstractA brief overview of structural and functional brain characteristics related to g is presented in the light of major neurobiological theories of intelligence: Neural Efficiency, P-FIT and Multiple-Demand system. These theories provide a framework to discuss the main objective of the paper: what is the relationship between individual alpha frequency (IAF) and g? Three studies were conducted in order to investigate this relationship: two correlational studies and a third study in which we experimentally induced changes in IAF by means of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). (1) In a large scale study (n = 417), no significant correlations between IAF and IQ were observed. However, in males IAF positively correlated with mental rotation and shape manipulation and with an attentional focus on detail. (2) The second study showed sex-specific correlations between IAF (obtained during task performance) and scope of attention in males and between IAF and reaction time in females. (3) In the third study, individuals’ IAF was increased with tACS. The induced changes in IAF had a disrupting effect on male performance on Raven’s matrices, whereas a mild positive effect was observed for females. Neuro-electric activity after verum tACS showed increased desynchronization in the upper alpha band and dissociation between fronto-parietal and right temporal brain areas during performance on Raven’s matrices. The results are discussed in the light of gender differences in brain structure and activity.

scholarly journals Understanding diaschisis models of attention dysfunction with rTMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier O. Garcia ◽  
Lorella Battelli ◽  
Ela Plow ◽  
Zaira Cattaneo ◽  
Jean Vettel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Attention Dysfunction ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Visual attentive tracking requires a balance of excitation and inhibition across large-scale frontoparietal cortical networks. Using methods borrowed from network science, we characterize the induced changes in network dynamics following low frequency (1 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as an inhibitory noninvasive brain stimulation protocol delivered over the intraparietal sulcus. When participants engaged in visual tracking, we observed a highly stable network configuration of six distinct communities, each with characteristic properties in node dynamics. Stimulation to parietal cortex had no significant impact on the dynamics of the parietal community, which already exhibited increased flexibility and promiscuity relative to the other communities. The impact of rTMS, however, was apparent distal from the stimulation site in lateral prefrontal cortex. rTMS temporarily induced stronger allegiance within and between nodal motifs (increased recruitment and integration) in dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which returned to baseline levels within 15 min. These findings illustrate the distributed nature by which inhibitory rTMS perturbs network communities and is preliminary evidence for downstream cortical interactions when using noninvasive brain stimulation for behavioral augmentations.

scholarly journals Vectorized magnetometer for space applications using electrical readout of atomic scale defects in silicon carbide

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey J. Cochrane ◽  
Jordana Blacksberg ◽  
Mark A. Anders ◽  
Patrick M. Lenahan
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
Optically Pumped ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Jovian System ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Venusian Surface

Abstract Magnetometers are essential for scientific investigation of planetary bodies and are therefore ubiquitous on missions in space. Fluxgate and optically pumped atomic gas based magnetometers are typically flown because of their proven performance, reliability, and ability to adhere to the strict requirements associated with space missions. However, their complexity, size, and cost prevent their applicability in smaller missions involving cubesats. Conventional solid-state based magnetometers pose a viable solution, though many are prone to radiation damage and plagued with temperature instabilities. In this work, we report on the development of a new self-calibrating, solid-state based magnetometer which measures magnetic field induced changes in current within a SiC pn junction caused by the interaction of external magnetic fields with the atomic scale defects intrinsic to the semiconductor. Unlike heritage designs, the magnetometer does not require inductive sensing elements, high frequency radio, and/or optical circuitry and can be made significantly more compact and lightweight, thus enabling missions leveraging swarms of cubesats capable of science returns not possible with a single large-scale satellite. Additionally, the robustness of the SiC semiconductor allows for operation in extreme conditions such as the hot Venusian surface and the high radiation environment of the Jovian system.

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