scholarly journals Quantitative resistance differences between and within natural populations of Solanum chilense against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvinderdeep S. Kahlon ◽  
Melissa Verin ◽  
Ralph Hückelhoven ◽  
Remco Stam
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
Solanum Chilense

scholarly journals Quantitative resistance differences between and within natural populations of Solanum chilense against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvinderdeep Kahlon ◽  
Melissa Verin ◽  
Ralph Hückelhoven ◽  
Remco Stam
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Infection Frequency ◽  
Plant Genotype ◽  
Wild Tomato ◽  
Wild Tomato Species ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Solanum Chilense

The wild tomato species Solanum chilense is divided in geographically and genetically distinct populations that show signs of defense gene selection and differential phenotypes when challenged with several phytopathogens, including the oomycete causal agent of late blight Phytophthora infestans. To better understand the phenotypic diversity of this disease resistance in S. chilense and to assess the effect of plant genotype vs. pathogen isolate, respectively, we evaluated infection frequency in a systematic approach and with large sample sizes. We studied 85 genetically distinct individuals representing nine geographically separated populations of S. chilense. This showed that differences in quantitative resistance properties can be observed between but also within populations at the level of individual plants. Data also did not reveal clear indications for complete immunity in any of the genotypes. We further evaluated the resistance of a subset of the plants against P. infestans isolates with diverse virulence properties. This confirmed that the relative differences in resistance phenotypes between individuals were mainly determined by the plant genotype under consideration with modest effects of pathogen isolate used in the study. Thus, our report suggest that quantitative resistance against P. infestans in natural populations of a wild tomato species S. chilense is likely not the result of specific adaptations of hosts to the pathogen but of basal defence responses that depend on the host genotype and are pathogen isolate-unspecific.

scholarly journals Rapid Detection of Phytophthora infestans in Late Blight-Infected Potato and Tomato Using PCR

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 1042-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Trout ◽  
J. B. Ristaino ◽  
M. Madritch ◽  
T. Wangsomboondee
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Direct Pcr ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen

Late blight caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans is a devastating disease of potato and tomato worldwide. A rapid and accurate method for specific detection of P. infestans is necessary for determination of late blight in infected fruit, leaves, and tubers. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from four isolates of P. infestans representing the four genotypes US1, US6, US7, and US8 was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the universal primers internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 4 and ITS5. PCR products were sequenced using an automated sequencer. Sequences were aligned with published sequences from 5 other Phytophthora species, and a region specific to P. infestans was used to construct a PCR primer (PINF). Over 140 isolates representing 14 species of Phytophthora and at least 13 other genera of fungi and bacteria were used to screen the PINF primer. PCR amplification with primers PINF and ITS5 results in amplification of an approximately 600 base pair product with only isolates of P. infestans from potato and tomato, as well as isolates of P. mirabilis and P. cactorum. P. mirabilis and P. cactorum are not pathogens of potato; however, P. cactorum is a pathogen of tomato. P. infestans and P. cactorum were differentiated by restriction digests of the amplified product. The PINF primer was used with a rapid NaOH lysis technique for direct PCR of P. infestans from infected tomato and potato field samples. The PINF primer will provide a valuable tool for detection of P. infestans in potatoes and tomatoes.

scholarly journals Detection of Differential Host Susceptibility to the Marine Oomycete Pathogen Eurychasma dicksonii by Real-Time PCR: Not All Algae Are Equal

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire M. M. Gachon ◽  
Martina Strittmatter ◽  
Dieter G. Müller ◽  
Julia Kleinteich ◽  
Frithjof C. Küpper
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Brown Algae ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Ectocarpus Siliculosus ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen

ABSTRACT In the marine environment, a growing body of evidence points to parasites as key players in the control of population dynamics and overall ecosystem structure. However, their prevalence and impact on marine macroalgal communities remain virtually unknown. Indeed, infectious diseases of seaweeds are largely underdocumented, partly because of the expertise required to diagnose them with a microscope. Over the last few years, however, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) has emerged as a rapid and reliable alternative to visual symptom scoring for monitoring pathogens. Thus, we present here a qPCR assay suitable for the detection and quantification of the intracellular oomycete pathogen Eurychasma dicksonii in its ectocarpalean and laminarialean brown algal hosts. qPCR and microscopic observations made of laboratory-controlled cultures revealed that clonal brown algal strains exhibit different levels of resistance against Eurychasma, ranging from high susceptibility to complete absence of symptoms. This observation strongly argues for the existence of a genetic determinism for disease resistance in brown algae, which would have broad implications for the dynamics and genetic structure of natural populations. We also used qPCR for the rapid detection of Eurychasma in filamentous brown algae collected in Northern Europe and South America and found that the assay is specific, robust, and widely applicable to field samples. Hence, this study opens the perspective of combining large-scale disease monitoring in the field with laboratory-controlled experiments on the genome model seaweed Ectocarpus siliculosus to improve our understanding of brown algal diseases.

scholarly journals Tomato I2 Immune Receptor Can Be Engineered to Confer Partial Resistance to the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans in Addition to the Fungus Fusarium oxysporum

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1316-1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artemis Giannakopoulou ◽  
John F. C. Steele ◽  
Maria Eugenia Segretin ◽  
Tolga O. Bozkurt ◽  
Ji Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Response Spectrum ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Immune Receptor ◽  
Immune Receptors ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
Altered Response

Plants and animals rely on immune receptors, known as nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-containing proteins, to defend against invading pathogens and activate immune responses. How NLR receptors respond to pathogens is inadequately understood. We previously reported single-residue mutations that expand the response of the potato immune receptor R3a to AVR3aEM, a stealthy effector from the late blight oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. I2, another NLR that mediates resistance to the wilt-causing fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is the tomato ortholog of R3a. We transferred previously identified R3a mutations to I2 to assess the degree to which the resulting I2 mutants have an altered response. We discovered that wild-type I2 protein responds weakly to AVR3a. One mutant in the N-terminal coiled-coil domain, I2I141N, appeared sensitized and displayed markedly increased response to AVR3a. Remarkably, I2I141N conferred partial resistance to P. infestans. Further, I2I141N has an expanded response spectrum to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici effectors compared with the wild-type I2 protein. Our results suggest that synthetic immune receptors can be engineered to confer resistance to phylogenetically divergent pathogens and indicate that knowledge gathered for one NLR could be exploited to improve NLR from other plant species.

Functional analysis of potato genes involved in quantitative resistance to Phytophthora infestans

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 957-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Du ◽  
Zhendong Tian ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Vivianne G. A. A. Vleeshouwers ◽  
Xiaolei Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Quantitative Resistance

scholarly journals Metabolic Model of the Phytophthora infestans-Tomato Interaction Reveals Metabolic Switches during Host Colonization

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander Y. A. Rodenburg ◽  
Michael F. Seidl ◽  
Howard S. Judelson ◽  
Andrea L. Vu ◽  
Francine Govers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Metabolic Model ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Metabolic Fluxes ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen

ABSTRACT The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes potato and tomato late blight, a disease that is a serious threat to agriculture. P. infestans is a hemibiotrophic pathogen, and during infection, it scavenges nutrients from living host cells for its own proliferation. To date, the nutrient flux from host to pathogen during infection has hardly been studied, and the interlinked metabolisms of the pathogen and host remain poorly understood. Here, we reconstructed an integrated metabolic model of P. infestans and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) by integrating two previously published models for both species. We used this integrated model to simulate metabolic fluxes from host to pathogen and explored the topology of the model to study the dependencies of the metabolism of P. infestans on that of tomato. This showed, for example, that P. infestans, a thiamine auxotroph, depends on certain metabolic reactions of the tomato thiamine biosynthesis. We also exploited dual-transcriptome data of a time course of a full late blight infection cycle on tomato leaves and integrated the expression of metabolic enzymes in the model. This revealed profound changes in pathogen-host metabolism during infection. As infection progresses, P. infestans performs less de novo synthesis of metabolites and scavenges more metabolites from tomato. This integrated metabolic model for the P. infestans-tomato interaction provides a framework to integrate data and generate hypotheses about in planta nutrition of P. infestans throughout its infection cycle. IMPORTANCE Late blight disease caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans leads to extensive yield losses in tomato and potato cultivation worldwide. To effectively control this pathogen, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms shaping the interaction with its hosts is paramount. While considerable work has focused on exploring host defense mechanisms and identifying P. infestans proteins contributing to virulence and pathogenicity, the nutritional strategies of the pathogen are mostly unresolved. Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) can be used to simulate metabolic fluxes and help in unravelling the complex nature of metabolism. We integrated a GEM of tomato with a GEM of P. infestans to simulate the metabolic fluxes that occur during infection. This yields insights into the nutrients that P. infestans obtains during different phases of the infection cycle and helps in generating hypotheses about nutrition in planta.

scholarly journals Wide Phenotypic Diversity for Resistance to Phytophthora infestans Found in Potato Landraces from Peru

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1530-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willmer Pérez ◽  
Miriam Ñahui ◽  
David Ellis ◽  
Gregory A. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Potato Breeding ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
Susceptible Control ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Better Than

The wild and cultivated species of potato have been utilized in potato breeding to good effect but only a very small sample of the available biodiversity has been exploited. In total, 468 accessions of wild and cultivated species of potato were assessed for resistance to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans using greenhouse assays. Wide phenotypic variation for resistance was found within a species (i.e., among accessions) but not among species which, on average, were similar. Nineteen accessions had resistance levels better than or similar to the variety Chucmarina, which is routinely used by the International Potato Center as a resistant control. Surprisingly, a number of accessions were significantly more susceptible than the susceptible control, Tomasa Condemayta. Frequency histograms of species indicated continuous variation for resistance with little evidence for functional resistance genes.

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