scholarly journals Association of genetic and climatic variability in giant sequoia, Sequoiadendron giganteum , reveals signatures of local adaptation along moisture‐related gradients

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 10619-10632
Author(s):  
Rainbow DeSilva ◽  
Richard S. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
Sequoiadendron Giganteum

scholarly journals Long-term taper and growth reductions following pruning intensity treatments in giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1189-1197
Author(s):  
Robert A. York
Keyword(s):  
Stem Growth ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Stem Taper ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
Sequoiadendron Giganteum ◽  
The Cost ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Pruning Intensity

A high degree of stem taper limits the potential value of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) J. Buchholz) when grown for timber. I measured the effects of pruning to different height targets (0, 2.0, 3.5, and 5.5 m), resulting in the removal of 25%–85% of crown length, on the growth of 360 S. giganteum trees over 17 years. Height growth and growth of diameter at breast height were both negatively related to pruning intensity to a similar degree. Within the 17 years following pruning, repeated measurements of stem growth at different heights above the ground revealed that radial stem growth reductions were localized on the stems from which branches were removed. The higher up that trees were pruned, the more that stem radial growth was reduced compared with control trees, with the greatest reductions occurring at stem bases. The effects of pruning decreased over time, but there were still significant differences after 17 years. Girard form class was only influenced by the most intense pruning at a stem height of 5.5 m. A benefit of pruning was reduced taper, but this came at the cost of reduced stem growth. Pruning in S. giganteum must be done carefully with respect to its timing, intensity, and interactions with other management treatments on young stands.

scholarly journals The effect of the Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz cone crystals on germination

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Hana Prknová
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Ecological Optimum ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
Sequoiadendron Giganteum ◽  
Representative Samples

The cones of the giant sequoia contain red, water-soluble crystalline substances known as cone crystals. The inhibitory effect of this extracted material on Norway spruce, Scots pine and European larch germination was newly examined. Sown seed representative samples without and with added cone crystals were compared after their incubation in the same appropriate conditions. All these cases have brought compelling evidence that cone crystals totally inhibit germination. However, the chemically inhibited seeds being rinsed afterwards germinated very well. This switch effect caused by the cone crystals of the three above-mentioned conifers proved to be a nonspecific tool. Seeds of the giant sequoia, naturally affected by the cone crystals, were sown as rinsed and non-rinsed samples. Both the samples, grown on a wet peat substrate in appropriate conditions for 16 weeks, exhibited an equal, yet very low viability of 1.3% at the same time. This low number, fixed in seeds of the tree being far from the ecological optimum, does not allow any disputation with other authors.

TRACHEID AND PIT ANATOMY VARY IN TANDEM IN A TALL SEQUOIADENDRON GIGANTEUM TREE

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Lazzarin ◽  
Alan Crivellaro ◽  
Cameron B. Williams ◽  
Todd E. Dawson ◽  
Giacomo Mozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Resistance ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
Sequoiadendron Giganteum ◽  
Side Walls ◽  
Flow Through

Across land plants there is a general pattern of xylem conduit diameters widening towards the stem base thus reducing the accumulation of hydraulic resistance as plants grow taller.In conifers, xylem conduits consist of cells with closed end-walls and water must flow through bordered pits imbedded in the side walls. As a consequence both cell size, which determines the numbers of walls that the conductive stream of water must cross, as well as the characteristics of the pits themselves, crucially affect total hydraulic resistance. Because both conduit size and pit features influence hydraulic resistance in tandem, we hypothesized that features of both should vary predictably with one another. To test this prediction we sampled a single tall (94.8 m) Sequoiadendron giganteum tree (giant sequoia), collecting wood samples from the most recent annual ring progressively downwards from the tree top to the base. We measured tracheid diameter and length, number of pits per tracheid, and the areas of pit apertures, tori, and margos. Tracheid diameter widened from treetop to base following a power law with an exponent (tracheid diameterstem length slope) of approximately 0.20. A similar scaling exponent was found between tracheid length and distance from tree top. Additionally, pit aperture, torus, and margo areas all increased (again with a power of ~0.20) with distance from tree top, paralleling the observed variation in tracheid diameter and length. Pit density scaled isometrically with tracheid length. Within individual tracheids, total permeable area of pits, measured as the sum of the margo areas, scaled isometrically with lumen area. Given that pores of the margo membrane are believed to increase in parallel with membrane area, from a strictly anatomical perspective, our results support the interpretation that pit resistance remains a relatively constant fraction of total resistance along the hydraulic pathway.

Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) Regeneration in Experimental Canopy Gaps

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. York ◽  
John J. Battles ◽  
Anne K. Eschtruth ◽  
Frieder G. Schurr
Keyword(s):  
Canopy Gaps ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
Sequoiadendron Giganteum

scholarly journals Neofusicoccum parvum, a New Agent of Sequoia Canker and Dieback Identified in Geneva, Switzerland

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 434
Author(s):  
Martine Haenzi ◽  
Bastien Cochard ◽  
Romain Chablais ◽  
Julien Crovadore ◽  
François Lefort
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Koch’S Postulates ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
Sequoiadendron Giganteum ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Fusicoccum Aesculi ◽  
Koch's Postulates

Fungi were isolated in pure cultures from decaying giant sequoias in Geneva (Switzerland). Isolates were genetically identified by ITS rDNA sequencing. Young giant sequoia trees were artificially infected with a pure culture of Botryosphaeria parva. Henle-Koch’s Postulates demonstrated that Botryosphaeria parva was pathogenic to Sequoiadendron giganteum. When analysing the microorganisms associated to canker and dieback symptoms in a giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Geneva, the fungus Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, teleomorph Botryosphaeria parva (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, was isolated, whereas such symptoms are commonly associated to Fusicoccum aesculi (teleomorph Botryosphaeria dothidea). These two fungal species belong to the same genus Botryosphaeria of the Botryosphaeriaceae family. Because Neofusicoccum parvum was causing cankers and diebacks in other woody species around the world, we extended the analysis to other trees displaying sequoia dieback symptoms in order to evaluate the involvement of Neofusicoccum parvum in such increasing symptoms in sequoias in Geneva. Dried twigs, trunk, and branch cankers from diseased trees were sampled on several distinct sites. From all samples, isolated fungi in pure cultures showed a phenotype typical of Botryosphaeriaceae species. Isolates were then genetically identified at the species level. Subsequently Neofusicoccum parvum was inoculated to young giant sequoia trees, re-isolated in pure culture from provoked symptoms, and re-identified to fulfil Henle-Koch’s postulates. The identification confirmed that Neofusicoccum parvum was present on all sites, while Fusicoccum aesculi was retrieved only once alone. The inoculation of Neofusicoccum parvum isolates on young sequoias demonstrated for the first time that this fungus was able to develop cankers in Sequoiadendron gigantean. Neofusicoccum parvum could, therefore, be the major cause for dying of giant sequoias in the Geneva Lake area.

scholarly journals Livelihood diversification and climate change adaptation in Indo-Gangetic plains: implication of rainfall regimes

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 77-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal D Bhatta ◽  
Pramod K Aggarwal ◽  
Amit Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Gangetic Plains ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
The Impact

We investigate whether spatial variations in climatic resource such as rainfall have prompted livelihood diversification, local adaptation and household food availability in Indo-Gangetic Plains using data from a household survey of 2660 farm-families carried out in India, Bangladesh and Nepal. We found that on-farm livelihood sources are higher in high rainfall regime (1300-1800 mm) compared to medium (<1300 mm) and very high rainfall regime (>1800 mm). The off-farm sources are higher in medium rainfall regime. Although a large number of changes are attributed to harvest better yield, yet farmers made numbers of changes in response to climatic variability as well. Although agricultural livelihood and local adaptation are restrained by several climatic and non-climatic factors; the amount of annual rainfall significantly affects livelihood diversification, and the impact of climatic stressors becomes more pronounced when there is interaction with other non-climatic factors. The results imply that livelihood and adaptation strategies should be tailor made along the climatic and non-climatic resources.

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