scholarly journals Strong phenotypic divergence in spite of low genetic structure in the endemic Mangrove Warbler subspecies ( Setophaga petechia xanthotera ) of Costa Rica

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 13902-13918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Chavarria‐Pizarro ◽  
Juan Pablo Gomez ◽  
Judit Ungvari‐Martin ◽  
Rachael Bay ◽  
Michael M. Miyamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Phenotypic Divergence ◽  
Setophaga Petechia

scholarly journals Genetic Structure Analysis of Three Hispanic Populations from Costa Rica, Mexico, and the Southwestern United States Using Y-Chromosome STR Markers and mtDNA Sequences

Human Biology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca. Campos-Sánchez ◽  
Ramiro. Barrantes ◽  
Sandra Honorato da. Silva ◽  
Michael. Escamilla ◽  
Alfonso. Ontiveros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Southwestern United States ◽  
Mtdna Sequences ◽  
Str Markers ◽  
Hispanic Populations ◽  
Y Chromosome Str

scholarly journals Riqueza de especies y abundancia de aves residentes y migratorias en parques urbanos de San José, Costa Rica

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarón Fallas Solano
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Zenaida Asiatica ◽  
San Jose ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Setophaga Petechia

Con la excepción de unas pocas ciudades grandes, hay poco conocimiento sobre las aves urbanas de América Latina. Utilicé transectos lineales en 15 parques urbanos en la ciudad de San José entre setiembre y diciembre de 2009 y encontré 40 especies, la mayoría Tyrannidae (n=10) y Parulidae (n=9). Hubo 23 residentes (principalmente Tyrannidae), 15 migrantes del norte (en su mayoría Parulidae) y un migrante del sur. Las especies más representativas fueron Contopus sp. y Setophaga petechia. Zenaida asiatica, Turdus grayi y Quiscalus mexicanus estaban muy extendidos, al igual que la paloma Columba livia, que podía llegar a 122 individuos por parque. La diversidad y la abundancia fueron determinadas por el tamaño del parque, la complejidad de la vegetación y la proximidad a los fragmentos de vegetación. Los parques urbanos están siendo utilizados como áreas transitorias y permanentes por las aves migratorias y las características biofísicas de algunos parques favorecen a Columba livia y Quiscalus mexicanus, generando competencia, depredación y desplazamiento de otra especie, así como daños a la infraestructura. Estas áreas verdes podrían usarse para la observación y educación de aves.

scholarly journals Genetic structure of Oryza glumaepatula wild rice populations and evidence of introgression from O. sativa in Costa Rica

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J Fuchs ◽  
Allan Meneses Martínez ◽  
Amanda Calvo ◽  
Melania Muñoz ◽  
Griselda Arrieta-Espinoza
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Wild Rice Species ◽  
Genetic Diversity And Structure ◽  
Diversity Estimates ◽  
Oryza Glumaepatula

Wild crop relatives are an important source of genetic diversity for crop improvement. However, gene flow from cultivated species into wild species may prove detrimental. Introgression may lead to changes in wild species by incorporating alleles from domesticated species, which may increase the likelihood of extinction. The objective of the present study is to analyze how genetic diversity is distributed within and among populations of the wild rice species Oryza glumaepatula in Costa Rica. We also evaluated if there is evidence of introgression between wild rice and commercial varieties of O. sativa since it is cultivated commonly in close proximity to wild rice populations. Individuals from all known O. glumaepatula populations in Costa Rica were collected. With the aid of 455 AFLP markers, we characterized the genetic diversity and structure among seven populations in northern Costa Rica. Given the dominant nature of our markers, Bayesian estimates of genetic structure were used. We also compared genetic diversity estimates between O. glumaepatula individuals and O. sativa commercial rice. Our results show that O. glumaepatula populations in Costa Rica have moderately high levels of genetic diversity, comparable to those found in South American populations. This is likely a result of large population size. Despite the restricted distributions of this wild species, in Costa Rica most populations are composed of several thousand individuals, thus reducing the effects of drift on genetic diversity. Our results also found low but significant structure (\theta=0.03±0.001) among populations that are separated by ~10 Km within a single river. The position of the population along the river did not influence genetic diversity estimates or differences among populations. This river does not have a strong current and meadows or seeds may easily move upstream, thus homogenizing genetic diversity across populations regardless of river position. Ample gene flow through pollen, seeds or detached culms within the same river reduces genetic structure. A Bayesian structure analysis showed that individuals from two populations share a significant proportion of their genomes with O. sativa genome. These results suggest that the low levels of genetic structure found in these populations are likely the result of introgression from cultivated O. sativa populations. These results expose an important biohazard as recurrent hybridization may reduce genetic diversity of this wild rice species. Introgression may transfer commercial traits into the only populations of O. glumaepatula in Costa Rica, which in turn could alter genetic diversity and increase the likelihood of local extinction. These results have important implications for in situ conservation strategies of the only wild populations of O. glumaepatula in Costa Rica.

scholarly journals The influence of gene flow and drift on genetic and phenotypic divergence in two species of Zosterops in Vanuatu

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1543) ◽  
pp. 1077-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonya M. Clegg ◽  
Albert B. Phillimore
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Phenotypic Divergence ◽  
Genetic Patterns ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Regional Population

Colonization of an archipelago sets the stage for adaptive radiation. However, some archipelagos are home to spectacular radiations, while others have much lower levels of diversification. The amount of gene flow among allopatric populations is one factor proposed to contribute to this variation. In island colonizing birds, selection for reduced dispersal ability is predicted to produce changing patterns of regional population genetic structure as gene flow-dominated systems give way to drift-mediated divergence. If this transition is important in facilitating phenotypic divergence, levels of genetic and phenotypic divergence should be associated. We consider population genetic structure and phenotypic divergence among two co-distributed, congeneric (Genus: Zosterops ) bird species inhabiting the Vanuatu archipelago. The more recent colonist, Z. lateralis , exhibits genetic patterns consistent with a strong influence of distance-mediated gene flow. However, complex patterns of asymmetrical gene flow indicate variation in dispersal ability or inclination among populations. The endemic species, Z. flavifrons , shows only a partial transition towards a drift-mediated system, despite a long evolutionary history on the archipelago. We find no strong evidence that gene flow constrains phenotypic divergence in either species, suggesting that levels of inter-island gene flow do not explain the absence of a radiation across this archipelago.

scholarly journals Correlation between virulence and genetic structure of Escovopsis strains from leaf-cutting ant colonies in Costa Rica

Microbiology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 160 (8) ◽  
pp. 1727-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego E. Elizondo Wallace ◽  
Juan G. Vargas Asensio ◽  
Adrián A. Pinto Tomás
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Ant Colonies ◽  
Single Clade ◽  
Colony Fitness ◽  
Leaf Cutting

Leaf-cutting ants (genera Atta and Acromyrmex) cultivate a specialized fungus for food in underground chambers employing cut plant material as substrate. Parasitism occurs in this agricultural system and plays an important role in colony fitness. The microfungi Escovopsis, a specialized mycoparasite of the fungal cultivar, is highly prevalent among colonies. In this study, we tested the antagonistic activity of several Escovopsis strains from different geographical areas in Costa Rica. We employed a combination of laboratory tests to evaluate virulence, including pure culture challenges, toxicity to fungus garden pieces and subcolony bioassays. We also performed a phylogenetic analysis of these strains in order to correlate their virulence with the genetic structure of this population. The bioassays yielded results consistent between each other and showed significant differences in antagonistic activity among the parasites evaluated. However, no significant differences were found when comparing the results of the bioassays according to the source of the ants’ fungal cultivar. The phylogenetic analyses were consistent with these results: whilst the fungal cultivar phylogeny showed a single clade with limited molecular variation, the Escovopsis phylogeny yielded several clades with the most virulent isolates grouping in the same well-supported clade. These results indicate that there are Escovopsis strains better suited to establish their antagonistic effect, whilst the genetic homogeneity of the fungal cultivars limits their ability to modulate Escovopsis antagonism. These findings should be taken into consideration when evaluating the potential of Escovopsis isolates as biocontrol agents for this important agricultural pest in the Neotropics.

scholarly journals Genetic structure of Oryza glumaepatula wild rice populations and evidence of introgression from O. sativa in Costa Rica

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J Fuchs ◽  
Allan Meneses Martínez ◽  
Amanda Calvo ◽  
Melania Muñoz ◽  
Griselda Arrieta-Espinoza
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Wild Rice Species ◽  
Genetic Diversity And Structure ◽  
Diversity Estimates ◽  
Oryza Glumaepatula

Wild crop relatives are an important source of genetic diversity for crop improvement. However, gene flow from cultivated species into wild species may prove detrimental. Introgression may lead to changes in wild species by incorporating alleles from domesticated species, which may increase the likelihood of extinction. The objective of the present study is to analyze how genetic diversity is distributed within and among populations of the wild rice species Oryza glumaepatula in Costa Rica. We also evaluated if there is evidence of introgression between wild rice and commercial varieties of O. sativa since it is cultivated commonly in close proximity to wild rice populations. Individuals from all known O. glumaepatula populations in Costa Rica were collected. With the aid of 455 AFLP markers, we characterized the genetic diversity and structure among seven populations in northern Costa Rica. Given the dominant nature of our markers, Bayesian estimates of genetic structure were used. We also compared genetic diversity estimates between O. glumaepatula individuals and O. sativa commercial rice. Our results show that O. glumaepatula populations in Costa Rica have moderately high levels of genetic diversity, comparable to those found in South American populations. This is likely a result of large population size. Despite the restricted distributions of this wild species, in Costa Rica most populations are composed of several thousand individuals, thus reducing the effects of drift on genetic diversity. Our results also found low but significant structure (\theta=0.03±0.001) among populations that are separated by ~10 Km within a single river. The position of the population along the river did not influence genetic diversity estimates or differences among populations. This river does not have a strong current and meadows or seeds may easily move upstream, thus homogenizing genetic diversity across populations regardless of river position. Ample gene flow through pollen, seeds or detached culms within the same river reduces genetic structure. A Bayesian structure analysis showed that individuals from two populations share a significant proportion of their genomes with O. sativa genome. These results suggest that the low levels of genetic structure found in these populations are likely the result of introgression from cultivated O. sativa populations. These results expose an important biohazard as recurrent hybridization may reduce genetic diversity of this wild rice species. Introgression may transfer commercial traits into the only populations of O. glumaepatula in Costa Rica, which in turn could alter genetic diversity and increase the likelihood of local extinction. These results have important implications for in situ conservation strategies of the only wild populations of O. glumaepatula in Costa Rica.

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