scholarly journals Shape variation in the least killifish: ecological associations of phenotypic variation and the effects of a common garden

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (23) ◽  
pp. 5616-5631 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alex Landy ◽  
Joseph Travis
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Ecological Associations ◽  
Least Killifish

scholarly journals Intraspecific phenotypic variation in life history traits ofDaphnia galeatapopulations in response to fish kairomones

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Tams ◽  
Jennifer Lüneburg ◽  
Laura Seddar ◽  
Jan-Phillip Detampel ◽  
Mathilde Cordellier
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Fish Kairomones ◽  
Geometric Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Clonal Lines

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes depending on the environment. It has an influence on the adaptive potential to environmental change and the capability to adapt locally. Adaptation to environmental change happens at the population level, thereby contributing to genotypic and phenotypic variation within a species. Predation is an important ecological factor structuring communities and maintaining species diversity. Prey developed different strategies to reduce their vulnerability to predators by changing their behaviour, their morphology or their life history. Predator-induced life history responses inDaphniahave been investigated for decades, but intra-and inter-population variability was rarely addressed explicitly. We addressed this issue by conducting a common garden experiment with 24 clonal lines of EuropeanDaphnia galeataoriginating from four populations, each represented by six clonal lines. We recorded life history traits in the absence and presence of fish kairomones. Additionally, we looked at the shape of experimental individuals by conducting a geometric morphometric analysis, thus assessing predator-induced morphometric changes. Our data revealed high intraspecific phenotypic variation within and between fourD. galeatapopulations, the potential to locally adapt to a vertebrate predator regime as well as an effect of the fish kairomones on morphology ofD. galeata.

scholarly journals Adaptive divergence in shell morphology in an ongoing gastropod radiation from Lake Malawi

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert Van Bocxlaer ◽  
Claudia M. Ortiz-Sepulveda ◽  
Pieter R. Gurdebeke ◽  
Xavier Vekemans
Keyword(s):  
Common Garden ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Shell Shape ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Evolutionary Radiations ◽  
Contrasting Habitats

Abstract Background Ecological speciation is a prominent mechanism of diversification but in many evolutionary radiations, particularly in invertebrates, it remains unclear whether supposedly critical ecological traits drove or facilitated diversification. As a result, we lack accurate knowledge on the drivers of diversification for most evolutionary radiations along the tree of life. Freshwater mollusks present an enigmatic example: Putatively adaptive radiations are being described in various families, typically from long-lived lakes, whereas other taxa represent celebrated model systems in the study of ecophenotypic plasticity. Here we examine determinants of shell-shape variation in three nominal species of an ongoing ampullariid radiation in the Malawi Basin (Lanistes nyassanus, L. solidus and Lanistes sp. (ovum-like)) with a common garden experiment and semi-landmark morphometrics. Results We found significant differences in survival and fecundity among these species in contrasting habitats. Morphological differences observed in the wild persisted in our experiments for L. nyassanus versus L. solidus and L. sp. (ovum-like), but differences between L. solidus and L. sp. (ovum-like) disappeared and re-emerged in the F1 and F2 generations, respectively. These results indicate that plasticity occurred, but that it is not solely responsible for the observed differences. Our experiments provide the first unambiguous evidence for genetic divergence in shell morphology in an ongoing freshwater gastropod radiation in association with marked fitness differences among species under controlled habitat conditions. Conclusions Our results indicate that differences in shell morphology among Lanistes species occupying different habitats have an adaptive value. These results also facilitate an accurate reinterpretation of morphological variation in fossil Lanistes radiations, and thus macroevolutionary dynamics. Finally, our work testifies that the shells of freshwater gastropods may retain signatures of adaptation at low taxonomic levels, beyond representing an evolutionary novelty responsible for much of the diversity and disparity in mollusks altogether.

scholarly journals Progeny of Xenopus laevis from altitudinal extremes display adaptive physiological performance

2021 ◽  
pp. jeb.233031
Author(s):  
Carla Wagener ◽  
Natasha Kruger ◽  
John Measey
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Parental Origin ◽  
Thermal Limits ◽  
Critical Thermal Limits ◽  
Low Altitude

Environmental temperature variation generates adaptive phenotypic differentiation in widespread populations. We used a common garden experiment to determine whether offspring with varying parental origins display adaptive phenotypic variation related to different thermal conditions experienced in parental environments. We compared burst swimming performance and critical thermal limits of African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) tadpoles bred from adults captured at high (∼ 2000 m above sea level) and low (∼ 5 m above sea level) altitudes. Maternal origin significantly affected swimming performance. Optimal swimming performance temperature had a >9°C difference between tadpoles with low altitude maternal origins (Topt: pure- and cross-bred 35.0°C) and high altitude maternal origins (Topt: pure-bred 25.5°C, cross-bred 25.9°C). Parental origin significantly affected critical thermal limits. Pure-bred tadpoles with low altitude parental origins had higher CTmax (37.8±0.8°C) than pure-bred tadpoles with high altitude parental origins and all cross-bred tadpoles (37.0±0.8 and 37.1±0.8°C). Pure-bred tadpoles with low altitude parental origins and all cross-bred tadpoles had higher CTmin (4.2±0.7 and 4.2±0.7°C) than pure-bred tadpoles with high altitude parental origins (2.5±0.6°C). Our study shows Xenopus laevis tadpoles’ varying thermal physiological traits is the result of adaptive responses to their parental thermal environments. This study is one of few demonstrating potential intraspecific evolution of critical thermal limits in a vertebrate species. Multi-generation common garden experiments and genetic analyses would be required to further tease apart the relative contribution of plastic and genetic effects to the adaptive phenotypic variation observed in these tadpoles.

scholarly journals The dynamic ontogenetic patterns of adaptive divergence and sexual dimorphism in Arctic charr

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina De la Cámara ◽  
Lieke Ponsioen ◽  
Quentin J.B. Horta-Lacueva ◽  
Kalina H Kapralova
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Arctic Charr ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Ontogenetic Trajectories ◽  
Main Driver

ABSTRACTArctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in lake Thingvallavatn (Iceland) is one of the most iconic examples of post-glacial adaptive divergence, resulting in four ecomorphs that diverge along the ecological benthic-limnetic axis (bottom lake versus open water feeders), and are distinct both phenotypically and genotypically. Here, we used geometric morphometrics tools on a common garden setup to determine the factors responsible for genetically based shape variation during the post-embryonic ontogeny of two morphs that represent the benthic-limnetic axis: the small benthic (SB) and the planktivorous (PL). This experiment uses pure crosses and F1 reciprocal hybrids between the two morphs, and includes the onset of sexual maturation, offering an excellent opportunity to explore the genetic component of adaptive divergence and the role of sexual dimorphism in this scenario. We found that growth is the main driver of shape variation across time and provided evidence of a genetically-controlled ontogenetic shift that gives rise to the limnetic morph. Additionally, our results indicate that the onset of sexual maturation triggers differences both in sex ontogenetic trajectories and in static shape variation at different time points, likely dissipating the canalisation for traits traditionally associated with benthic-limnetic adaptations.

scholarly journals Genomic regions controlling shape variation in the first upper molar of the house mouse

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa F Pallares ◽  
Ronan Ledevin ◽  
Sophie Pantalacci ◽  
Leslie M Turner ◽  
Eirikur Steingrimsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Tooth Shape ◽  
Mus Musculus Musculus ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Hybrid Mice ◽  
Upper Molar

Numerous loci of large effect have been shown to underlie phenotypic variation between species. However, loci with subtle effects are presumably more frequently involved in microevolutionary processes but have rarely been discovered. We explore the genetic basis of shape variation in the first upper molar of hybrid mice between Mus musculus musculus and M. m. domesticus. We performed the first genome-wide association study for molar shape and used 3D surface morphometrics to quantify subtle variation between individuals. We show that many loci of small effect underlie phenotypic variation, and identify five genomic regions associated with tooth shape; one region contained the gene microphthalmia-associated transcription factor Mitf that has previously been associated with tooth malformations. Using a panel of five mutant laboratory strains, we show the effect of the Mitf gene on tooth shape. This is the first report of a gene causing subtle but consistent variation in tooth shape resembling variation in nature.

scholarly journals Genomics of altitude-associated wing shape in two tropical butterflies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Montejo-Kovacevich ◽  
Patricio A. Salazar ◽  
Sophie H. Smith ◽  
Kimberly Gavilanes ◽  
Caroline N. Bacquet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Traits ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Polygenic Adaptation ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Genomic Basis

AbstractUnderstanding how organisms adapt to their local environment is central to evolution. With new whole-genome sequencing technologies and the explosion of data, deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are ecologically relevant is becoming increasingly feasible. Here we study the genomic basis of wing shape in two Neotropical butterflies that inhabit large geographical ranges. Heliconius butterflies at high elevations have been shown to generally have rounder wings than those in the lowlands. We reared over 1100 butterflies from 71 broods of H. erato and H. melpomene in common-garden conditions and show that wing aspect ratio, i.e. elongatedness, is highly heritable in both species and elevation-associated wing shape differences are maintained. Genome-wide associations with a published dataset of 666 whole genomes from across a hybrid zone, uncovered a highly polygenic basis to wing shape variation in the wild. We identify several genes that have roles in wing morphogenesis or wing shape variation in Drosophila flies, making them promising candidates for future studies. There was little evidence for molecular parallelism in the two species, with only one shared candidate gene, nor for a role of the four known colour pattern loci, except for optix in H. erato. Thus, we present the first insights into the heritability and genomic basis of within-species wing shape in two Heliconius species, adding to a growing body of evidence that polygenic adaptation may underlie many ecologically relevant traits.

scholarly journals Intraspecific phenotypic variation in life history traits of Daphnia galeata populations in response to fish kairomones

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Tams ◽  
Jennifer Lüneburg ◽  
Laura Seddar ◽  
Jan-Philip Detampel ◽  
Mathilde Cordellier
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Daphnia Galeata ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Fish Kairomones ◽  
Geometric Morphometric Analysis

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes depending on the environment. It has an influence on the adaptive potential to environmental change and the capability to adapt locally. Adaptation to environmental change happens at the population level, thereby contributing to genotypic and phenotypic variation within a species. Predation is an important ecological factor structuring communities and maintaining species diversity. Prey developed different strategies to reduce their vulnerability to predators by changing their behavior, their morphology or their life history. Predator-induced life history responses in Daphnia have been investigated for decades, but intra population variability was rarely addressed explicitly. We addressed this issue by conducting a common garden experiment with four European Daphnia galeata populations, each represented by six genotypes. We recorded life history traits in the absence and presence of fish kairomones. Additionally, we looked at the shape of experimental individuals by conducting a geometric morphometric analysis, thus assessing predator-induced morphometric changes. Our data revealed high intraspecific phenotypic variation within and between all four D. galeata populations, the potential to locally adapt to a vertebrate predator regime as well as an effect of the fish kairomones on morphology of D. galeata.

scholarly journals Phenotypic variation of fruit and ecophysiological traits among maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Molina] Stuntz) provenances established in a common garden

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A. Yáñez ◽  
Benita González ◽  
Sergio E. Espinoza ◽  
Hermine Vogel ◽  
Ursula Doll
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Ecophysiological Traits ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Aristotelia Chilensis

AbstractThe domestication of forest species has traditionally relied on productivity issues. However, today there are concerns about the potential responses of natural populations and new cultivars to extreme climatic conditions derived from climate change and how to incorporate this knowledge into the domestication programs. Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz (‘Maqui’) is a widely distributed native species in Chile. Its berry is considered a “super fruit” with an increasing interest in the food industry. This study investigated the phenotypic variation of growth, fruit, and ecophysiological traits of 20 A. chilensis clones originated from six provenances along the latitudinal gradient and established in a common-garden experiment in the Mediterranean zone of central Chile (center part of the species distribution). Differences among provenances were observed for most of the  traits under study, especially between the northern and southernmost provenances (i.e., San Fernando versus Entre Lagos). Northern provenances showed higher development of vegetative tissue and fruit yield but lower intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEint) compared with southern ones. Clonal variation within provenances was found significant for the ripening index, WUEint, and fruit number and weight but not significant for traits related to the crown and leaf morphology. A genetic differentiation due to latitudinal cline was not evident in this study, but differences among provenances suggest local adaptation for some traits. The genotypic variation in productive traits must be considered in the outgoing domestication of the species and future selection programs.

scholarly journals Phenotypic variation in sexually and asexually recruited individuals of the Baltic Sea endemic macroalga Fucus radicans: in the field and after growth in a common-garden

BMC Ecology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Johannesson ◽  
Helena Forslund ◽  
Nastassja Capetillo ◽  
Lena Kautsky ◽  
Daniel Johansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic
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