scholarly journals Landscape epidemiology of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans : reconciling data limitations and conservation urgency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter Beukema ◽  
Jesse Erens ◽  
Vanessa Schulz ◽  
Gwij Stegen ◽  
Annemarieke Spitzen‐van der Sluijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Epidemiology ◽  
Batrachochytrium Salamandrivorans ◽  
Data Limitations

Does the Russian Government Pay a "Fair" Wage: Review of Studies

2015 ◽  
pp. 62-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Zhuravleva
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Omitted Variables ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Correct Evaluation ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Fair Wage

This paper surveys the literature on public-private sector wage differentials for Russian labor market. We give an overview of the main results and problems of the existing research. The authors unanimously confirm that in Russia private sector workers receive higher wages relative to their public sector counterparts. According to different estimates the "premium" varies between 7 and 40%. A correct evaluation of this "premium" is subject to debate and is a particular case of a more general econometric problem of wage differentials estimation. The main difficulties are related to data limitations, self-selection and omitted variables. Reasons for the existence of a stable private sector "premium" in Russia are not fully investigated.

Uneven Decoupling

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan P. Thombs ◽  
Xiaorui Huang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ecological Modernization ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Treadmill Of Production ◽  
Global North ◽  
Organization Of Production ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The macro-comparative decoupling literature has often sought to test the arguments made by the treadmill of production (TP) and ecological modernization (EM) theories. However, due to data limitations, these studies have been limited to analyzing the years after 1960. Given that both theories discuss historical processes operating before 1960, analyzing pre-1960 data is warranted to more comprehensively test the propositions made by both theories. We assess the long-term relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions from 1870 to 2014 using a sample of global North nations. We use Prais-Winsten regression models with time interactions to assess whether, when, and how much CO2 emissions have decoupled from economic growth over time. We find that significant relative decoupling has occurred twice since 1870: during the last 30 years of the nineteenth century, the timing of which is contrary to what both the EM and TP theories might expect, and after 1970. We also observe that the relationship remained relatively stable from the turn of the twentieth century to approximately 1970, which aligns with the arguments made by the classical TP work. We conclude that shifts in the global organization of production have shaped the magnitude of the economic growth–CO2 emissions relationship and its changes over time, which has implications for climate mitigation policy.

scholarly journals Correction to: Plethodontid salamanders show variable disease dynamics in response to Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans chytridiomycosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziella V. DiRenzo ◽  
Ana V. Longo ◽  
Carly R. Muletz-Wolz ◽  
Allan P. Pessier ◽  
Jessica A. Goodheart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Batrachochytrium Salamandrivorans ◽  
Plethodontid Salamanders

scholarly journals Continuous exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases: prevalence, burden, and economic costs

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-399
Author(s):  
Seyed M. Karimi ◽  
Ali Maziyaki ◽  
Samaneh Ahmadian Moghadam ◽  
Mahtab Jafarkhani ◽  
Hamid Zarei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Unit Change ◽  
Data Limitations

AbstractStudies that assess the connection between the prevalence of chronic diseases and continuous exposure to air pollution are scarce in developing countries, mainly due to data limitations. Largely overcoming data limitations, this study aimed to investigate the association between the likelihood of reporting a set of chronic diseases (diabetes, cancer, stroke and myocardial infarction, asthma, and hypertension) and continuous exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and coarse particulate matter (PM10). Using the estimated associations, the disease burden and economic costs of continuous exposure to air pollutants were also approximated. A 2011 Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool survey from Tehran, Iran, was used in the main analyses. A sample of 67,049 individuals who had not changed their place of residence for at least 2 years before the survey and reported all relevant socioeconomic information was selected. The individuals were assigned with the average monthly air pollutant levels of the nearest of 16 air quality monitors during the 2 years leading to the survey. Both single- and multi-pollutant analyses were conducted. The country’s annual household surveys from 2002 to 2011 were used to calculate the associated economic losses. The single-pollutant analysis showed that a one-unit increase in monthly CO (ppm), NO2 (ppb), O3 (ppb), and PM10 (μg/m3) during the 2 years was associated with 751 [confidence interval (CI): 512–990], 18 (CI: 12–24), 46 (CI: −27–120), and 24 (CI: 13–35) more reported chronic diseases in 100,000, respectively. The disease-specific analyses showed that a unit change in average monthly CO was associated with 329, 321, 232, and 129 more reported cases of diabetes, hypertension, stroke and myocardial infarction, and asthma in 100,000, respectively. The measured associations were greater in samples with older individuals. Also, a unit change in average monthly O3 was associated with 21 (in 100,000) more reported cases of asthma. The multi-pollutant analyses confirmed the results from single-pollutant analyses. The supplementary analyses showed that a one-unit decrease in monthly CO level could have been associated with about 208 (CI: 147–275) years of life gained or 15.195 (CI: 10.296–20.094) thousand US dollars (USD) in life-time labor market income gained per 100,000 30-plus-year-old Tehranis.

An Examination of How DUI-Child Endangerment Laws Are Used in Court

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110252
Author(s):  
Eduardo Romano ◽  
Tara Kelley-Baker ◽  
Eileen P. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Drunk Driving ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Mothers Against Drunk Driving

Each year, about 200 children aged 14 years old (y/o) or less die and another 4,000 are physically injured while being driven by an adult that has been drinking (aged 21 y/o or more). Concerned by this phenomenon, there are a growing number of States implementing Driving Under the Influence – Child Endangerment (DUI-CE) laws to prevent adults from driving under the influence with children. These laws however, have failed to reduce the rates of DUI-CE injuries and fatalities. It has been hypothesized that such a failure occurs, at least in part, because these laws are being pled-down in courts, this study examines this hypothesis. We analyzed DUI-CE related court information collected by court monitors available in the Court Monitoring Database (CMD) provided by the Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). Despite investigating data that included only DUI offenders who were driving with at least one child passenger at the time of the arrest, only 10% of those charged with a DUI felony and 11% of those charged with a misdemeanor were also found guilty of a DUI-CE violation. These findings support the hypothesis that DUI-CE offenses are being pled down in court and probably contribute to the ineffectiveness of DUI-CE laws. Unfortunately, data limitations preclude any decisive conclusions. Future research should focus on increasing our understanding of the DUI-CE problem and understanding why DUI-CE laws are not working toward the goal of deterring and punishing those who endanger the lives of children.

scholarly journals Frequency‐dependent transmission of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in eastern newts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna Tompros ◽  
Andrew D. Dean ◽  
Andy Fenton ◽  
Mark Q. Wilber ◽  
Edward Davis Carter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Batrachochytrium Salamandrivorans

Partitioning tree diversity patterns to prioritize conservation investments

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Patrick F McKenzie ◽  
Gwenllian D Iacona ◽  
Eric R Larson ◽  
Paul R Armsworth
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Gamma Diversity ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Community Turnover ◽  
Data Limitations

Summary The available tools and approaches to inform conservation decisions commonly assume detailed distribution data. We examine how well-established ecological concepts about patterns in local richness and community turnover can help overcome data limitations when planning future protected areas. To inform our analyses, we surveyed tree species in protected areas in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the eastern USA. We used the survey data to construct predictive models for alpha and beta diversity based on readily observed biophysical variables and combined them to create a heuristic that could predict among-site richness in trees (gamma diversity). The predictive models suggest that site elevation and latitude in this montane system explain much of the variation in alpha and beta diversity in tree species. We tested how well resulting protected areas would represent species if a conservation planner lacking detailed species inventories for candidate sites were to rely only on our alpha, beta and gamma diversity predictions. Our approach selected sites that, when aggregated, covered a large proportion of the overall species pool. The combined gamma diversity models performed even better when we also accounted for the cost of protecting sites. Our results demonstrate that classic community biogeography concepts remain highly relevant to conservation practice today.

scholarly journals Detection of Allee effects in marine fishes: analytical biases generated by data availability and model selection

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1861) ◽  
pp. 20171284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommi Perälä ◽  
Anna Kuparinen
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Marine Fishes ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Allee Effects ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Colonization Success

The demographic Allee effect, or depensation, implies positive association between per capita population growth rate and population size at low abundances, thereby lowering growth ability of sparse populations. This can have far-reaching consequences on population recovery ability and colonization success. In the context of marine fishes, there is a widespread perception that Allee effects are rare or non-existent. However, studies that have failed to detect Allee effects in marine fishes have suffered from several fundamental methodological and data limitations. In the present study, we challenge the prevailing perception about the rarity of Allee effects by analysing nine populations of Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus ), using Bayesian statistical methods. We find that populations of the same species can show either strong evidence for Allee effects or compensation. We explicitly demonstrate how the evidence for Allee effects is strongly provisional on observations made at low population abundances. We contrast our statistical approach with previous attempts to detect Allee effects and illustrate methodological issues that can lead to erroneous conclusions about the nature of population dynamics at low abundance. The present study demonstrates that there is no substantive scientific basis to support the perception that Allee effects are rare or non-existent in marine fishes.

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